Abstract
Acute leukemias are a group of hematopoietic stem cell malignancies characterized by the proliferation and accumulation of immature cell (blasts) clones that associate medullary insufficiency syndrome (anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia). Depending on the origin of the malignant clone, two major categories of acute leukemias are: acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Studies show an annual incidence of acute leukemias in European adults of 5-6 cases per 100,000 people with an increase in over 70 years of age, reaching an incidence of about 15-20 / 100,000 people. Of the total acute myeloid leukemias, 20% occur in children and 80% are among adults. Diagnosis of acute leukemias is based on the recognition of morphological, cytochemical, immunophenotypic, cytogenetic and molecular biology changes. Immunophenotyping plays a major role in the diagnosis and classification of acute leukemias, in differentiation of acute myeloid and lymphocytic leukemias and in detection of minimal residual disease.
Highlights
Acute leukemias are a group of hematopoietic stem cell malignancies characterized by the proliferation and accumulation of immature cell clones that associate medullary insufficiency syndrome
Diagnosis of acute leukemias is based on the recognition of morphological, cytochemical, immunophenotypic, cytogenetic and molecular biology changes
Dintre cele 72 de cazuri de leucemie acută mieloidă care au fost analizate prin flowcitometrie în laboratorul Clinicii de Hematologie SUUB, LAM-M1 a avut frecvenţă cea mai mare – 34 de cazuri (43%), urmată de LAM-M5 – 12 cazuri (5,1%), cea mai puţin frecventă fiind LAM-M0 – 6 cazuri (7,5%)
Summary
Leucemiile acute reprezintă un grup de afecţiuni maligne ale celulei stem hematopoietice caracterizate prin proliferarea şi acumularea unor clone de celule imature (blastice) care asociază sindrom de insuficienţă medulară (anemie, neutropenie, trombocitopenie). În funcţie de originea clonei maligne, se disting 2 mari categorii de leucemii acute: leucemii acute limfoide (LAL) şi leucemii acute mieloide (LAM). Studiile arată o incidenţă anuală a leucemiilor acute la adulţii europeni de 5-6 cazuri la 100.000 de persoane cu o creştere la persoanele peste 70 de ani ajungându-se la o incidenţă de aproximativ 15-20/100.000 de persoane. Din totalul leucemiilor acute mieloide, 20% apar la copii şi 80% sunt întâlnite în rândul adulţilor. Diagnosticul leucemiilor acute se bazează pe identificarea modificărilor morfologice, citochimice, imunofenotipice, citogenetice şi de biologie moleculară. Imunofenotiparea are un rol major în diagnosticul şi clasificarea leucemiilor acute, în diferenţierea leucemiilor acute mieloide de cele limfoide, dar şi în evidenţierea bolii minime reziduale.
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