Epidemic Hypertension in Sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract

HomeHypertensionVol. 50, No. 6Epidemic Hypertension in Sub-Saharan Africa Free AccessEditorialPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessEditorialPDF/EPUBEpidemic Hypertension in Sub-Saharan Africa Lewis H. Kuller Lewis H. KullerLewis H. Kuller From the Department of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pa. Search for more papers by this author Originally published22 Oct 2007https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.095620Hypertension. 2007;50:1004–1005Other version(s) of this articleYou are viewing the most recent version of this article. Previous versions: October 22, 2007: Previous Version 1 The article “Hypertension in Sub-Saharan Africa” by Addo et al has documented both the high prevalence of hypertension, especially in urban areas, and poor control of hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa.1 In 1992, we reported the high prevalence of hypertensive disease in a population sample from Benin, Nigeria and the strong association with higher socioeconomic class and body weight.2 Previous reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) and other groups have warned of the growing epidemic of hypertension and vascular disease and, most important, the need for both population-based approaches to reduce the epidemic, including the reduction of salt in the diet and treatment of BP using inexpensive drug therapies.3,4There is a need for better data on the prevalence of hypertension and risk factors related to both hypertension and vascular disease in sub-Saharan Africa. The most important imperative at the present time is to effectively blunt this growing epidemic of vascular disease. This epidemic of vascular disease is following the path characteristic of many other countries and especially in the United States, with initial high rates of hypertension and vascular disease among the upper socioeconomic groups and then explosive epidemics of both hypertension and vascular disease among lower income populations, especially the black population in the United States.5 The key variables that drive the epidemics are the greater use of processed foods, higher intake of calories, decreased physical activity leading to weight gain, and the reduction of foods high in potassium.6The epidemic, as noted, has begun in the upper social classes and in urban areas, similar to the United States. Over time, the epidemic spreads to lower socioeconomic groups. The increase in BP levels in the population is the primary concern. The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is linearly related to BP levels and the increase in the average population BP levels will, over time, lead to an increase in stroke, kidney disease, and heart failure. The opportunity for successful public health primary prevention is greatly reduced by the time there is an obvious major epidemic of clinical CVD. Pharmacological and surgical therapies become the primary method of reducing the burden of disease, with substantial increasing cost and much greater disability.7The increasing prevalence of CVD, especially in the upper socioeconomic population, results in greater demand of high cost health services in countries where the need for health services to deal with the problems of infectious diseases, malnutrition, pregnancy outcomes are in short supply. These high-cost health services for vascular disease shifts badly needed limited health resources from lower to upper socioeconomic groups.8 Increase in stroke, renal disease, etc can also have a devastating impact on the better educated and potential national leaders and on the evolving political structures in these countries.The needed public health efforts to blunt the epidemic are mostly nonexistent. The current failure, unfortunately, to deal with the growing CV epidemic in Africa will almost certainly have disastrous implications. The question is—why the inaction? First, as noted the importance of the epidemic of infectious diseases, malnutrition, and, more recently, AIDS have preoccupied the health agencies and funding resources. In most of these countries, there is an inadequate health care system which has been further damaged by exodus of physicians and nurses to higher paying jobs in Western industrialized countries. Unfortunately, there is a schism between the public health community primarily focusing on the problems of infectious diseases, malnutrition, etc, especially in the rural and lower socioeconomic populations and growing prevalence of hypertension and vascular disease.9The argument that the priorities for controlling infectious diseases and malnutrition make the problems of chronic diseases a much lower priority, ie, the choice of one over the other, may not be the best approach.The second problem is the economic impact of industry that encourages a switch to processed foods that are likely high-salt, high-fat, and high-caloric Western-style diets. The introduction of more processed high-salt food and calorically dense food as well as cigarette smoking are the primary causes of CVD epidemics. Many industries have been successful in convincing government agencies that salt is not related to hypertension except in a few genetically susceptible individuals, that cigarette smoking will not cause lung cancer or CVD, that cholesterol and saturated fat are not the primary determinants of CHD. Only recently has the American Medical Association and the British government begun to take an active role in trying to reduce the amount of salt in the diet.10 It is not possible to substantially reduce the salt intake in the population except by reducing the amount of salt in processed foods. The goal of 5 g of salt in the diet, as recommended in the United States and Britain, is probably too high but is still an initial first step.The third problem is the overemphasis on interesting and new scientific investigation rather than on public health/preventive medicine action. There are a relatively small number of high quality studies measuring prevalence and an even smaller number evaluating risk factors and genetics of hypertension and CVD in sub-Saharan Africa. It would be useful to have both more and better studies. However, the need for public health and preventive medicine action must have a higher priority.Very low cost effective drug treatment for hypertension and CVD are available. Some have suggested introducing a poly-pill approach into these areas as the most cost effective approach to deal with the range of CV risk factors and prevent stroke, renal disease, and coronary disease.6 Much of the management of hypertension in the sub-Saharan region can be accomplished by using trained health aids and limited input of physicians and nurses who are in extremely small supply. Novel approaches of delivering therapies may be an important research question that needs further evaluation. The inadequate health care delivery infrastructure in many of these countries and the “physician and nurse outmigration” to Western countries will continue to be a major limiting factor for successful vascular disease prevention programs. Just providing low-cost drug treatment for hypertension without developing and funding the health care infrastructure will not be successful.Unfortunately, there is an increasing emphasis on the use of more costly new drugs, laboratory tests, and new technologies as modern high technology Western medicine also infiltrates into the medical systems. There is also a tendency of the introduction of expensive technology. Many of these technologies are certainly interesting and are of great value in the United States and in other countries and are obviously of considerable research interest even in sub-Saharan Africa but they must have a lower priority until the epidemic of hypertensive disease is well-controlled.There is a strong familial aggregation of both BP and salt sensitivity most likely related to genetic polymorphisms that contribute to BP levels. It would be interesting to understand the genetics of hypertensive disease in sub-Saharan African as well as in the United States and be able to compare similarities and differences in the determinants of BP levels.In summary, the article by Addo et al1 further discussed the increased prevalence of elevated BP in sub-Saharan Africa. There is a growing “common source epidemic” attributable to diet change. The epidemic cannot be controlled by identifying each individual with elevated BP or determining genetic susceptibility to the changing lifestyles and then limit dietary manipulation to a subset of the population. This will not work in spite of growing interest that such an approach may be feasible.8 BP levels are high and are increasing over time and especially in the upper socioeconomic class and in urban areas. We must act now to prevent and control epidemic vascular disease in this region of the world.The opinions expressed in this editorial are not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Heart Association.DisclosuresNone.FootnotesCorrespondence to Lewis H. Kuller, MD, DrPH, University Professor of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, GSPH, 130 North Bellefield Avenue, Room 550, Pittsburgh PA 15213. E-mail [email protected] References 1 Addo J, Smeeth L, Leon DA. Hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Hypertension. 2007; 50: 1012–1018.LinkGoogle Scholar2 Bunker CH, Ukoli FA, Matthews KA, Kriska AM, Huston SL, Kuller LH. Weight threshold and blood pressure in a lean black population. Hypertension. 1995; 26: 616–623.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3 Yusuf S, Reddy S, Ounpuu S, Anand S. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases. Part I: General considerations, the epidemiologic transition, risk factors, and impact of urbanization. Circulation. 2001; 104: 2746–2753.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4 Kearny PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet. 2005; 365: 217–223.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5 Lilienfeld AM. Variation in mortality from heart disease. Public Health Rep. 1956; 71: 545–552.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar6 Murray CJL, Lauer JA, Hutubessy RCW, Niessen L, Tomijima N, Rodgers A, Lawes CMM, Evans DB. Effectiveness and costs of interventions to lower systolic blood pressure and cholesterol: a global and regional analysis on reduction of cardiovascular-disease risk. Lancet. 2003; 361: 717–725.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar7 Rodgers A, Lawes CMM, Gaziano T, Vos T. The growing burden of risk from high blood pressure, cholesterol, and bodyweight. In: Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans DB, Jha P, Mills A, Musgrove P, eds. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, 2nd edition. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press, 2006: 851–868.Google Scholar8 Kuller LH. Prevention research strategies. Nutr Rev. 2006; 64: S2–S8.CrossrefGoogle Scholar9 Unwin N, Setel P, Rashid S, Mugusi F, Mbanya J-C, Kitange H, Hayes L, Edwards R, Aspray T, Alberti KGMM. Noncommunicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: where do they feature in the health research agenda? Bull World Health Organ. 2001; 79: 947–953.MedlineGoogle Scholar10 Appel LJ, Brands MW, Daniels SR, Karanja N, Elmer PJ, Sacks FM. Dietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2006; 47: 296–308.LinkGoogle Scholar Previous Back to top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By Muleta S, Melaku T, Chelkeba L and Assefa D (2017) Blood pressure control and its determinants among diabetes mellitus co-morbid hypertensive patients at Jimma University medical center, South West Ethiopia, Clinical Hypertension, 10.1186/s40885-017-0085-x, 23:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2017. Mezue K (2013) The increasing burden of hypertension in Nigeria – can a dietary salt reduction strategy change the trend?, Perspectives in Public Health, 10.1177/1757913913499658, 134:6, (346-352), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2014. 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Gebreyes Y, Goshu D, Geletew T, Argefa T, Zemedu T, Lemu K, Waka F, Mengesha A, Degefu F, Deghebo A, Wubie H, Negeri M, Tesema T, Tessema Y, Regassa M, Eba G, Beyene M, Yesu K, Zeleke G, Mengistu Y, Belayneh A and Yang X (2018) Prevalence of high bloodpressure, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome and their determinants in Ethiopia: Evidences from the National NCDs STEPS Survey, 2015, PLOS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0194819, 13:5, (e0194819) Ratovoson R, Rasetarinera O, Andrianantenaina I, Rogier C, Piola P, Pacaud P and Ashton N (2015) Hypertension, a Neglected Disease in Rural and Urban Areas in Moramanga, Madagascar, PLOS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0137408, 10:9, (e0137408) December 2007Vol 50, Issue 6 Advertisement Article InformationMetrics https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.095620PMID: 17954718 Originally publishedOctober 22, 2007 PDF download Advertisement SubjectsCerebrovascular Disease/StrokeEpidemiologyObesity