Epicardial Real-Time 3-Dimensional Echocardiography With the Use of a Pediatric Transthoracic Probe: A Technical Approach

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to suggest a simple and comprehensive method for performing real-time 3-dimensional (3D) epicardial echocardiography with a pediatric probe small enough for the surgical field. Intraoperative echocardiography is a necessary tool for planning and performing cardiac surgery. Although epicardial intraoperative echocardiography is intended for few patients, it is a part of an exhaustive approach to intraoperative echocardiography. An observational feasibility study. A community hospital, single-institutional study. Eighty consecutive adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery. All patients were examined with 3D epicardial echocardiography before and after cardiopulmonary bypass; x-plane, live 3D, and 3D full-volume imaging modalities were systematically recorded. Feasibility and acquisition time were assessed. The image quality was evaluated by 3 independent surgeons. Four sequential positions were determined to achieve a complete 3D heart examination focused on the structure of most interest. Acquisition plus elaboration did not require more than 20 minutes. Three-dimensional epicardial echocardiography is feasible, and in the x-plane modality it is quicker than standard epicardial 2-dimensional examination. According to the judgment of independent observers, it provides high-quality and reproducible images, which are particularly valuable for mitral valve repair.