Epicardial histone deacetylase 3 promotes myocardial growth through a novel microRNA pathway

Abstract

Establishment of the myocardial wall requires proper growth cues from nonmyocardial tissues. During heart development, the epicardium and epicardium‐derived cells (EPDCs) instruct myocardial growth by secreting essential factors including fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) and insulin‐like growth factor 2 (IGF2). However, it is poorly understood how the epicardial secreted factors are regulated, in particular by chromatin modifications for myocardial formation. To understand whether and how histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) in the developing epicardium regulates myocardial growth, we deleted Hdac3 in the developing murine epicardium. Mutant hearts showed ventricular myocardial wall hypoplasia with reduction of EPDCs. The cultured embryonic cardiomyocytes with supernatants from Hdac3 knockout (KO) mouse epicardial cells (MECs) also showed decreased proliferation. Genome‐wide transcriptomic analysis revealed that Fgf9 and Igf2 were significantly down‐regulated in Hdac3 KO MECs. We further found that Fgf9 and Igf2 expression is dependent on HDAC3 deacetylase activity. The supplementation of FGF9 or IGF2 can rescue the myocardial proliferation defects treated by Hdac3 KO supernatant. Mechanistically, we identified that microRNA (miR)‐322 and miR‐503 were upregulated in Hdac3 KO MECs and Hdac3 epicardial KO hearts. Overexpression of miR‐322 or miR‐503 repressed FGF9 and IGF2 expression, while knockdown of miR‐322 or miR‐503 restored FGF9 and IGF2 expression in Hdac3 KO MECs. Our findings reveal a critical signaling pathway in which epicardial HDAC3 promotes compact myocardial growth by stimulating FGF9 and IGF2 through repressing miR‐322/miR‐503, providing novel insights in elucidating etiology of congenital heart defects, and conceptual strategies to promote myocardial regeneration.