Abstract
Plant viruses are primarily transmitted by insect vectors and virus infection may influence on the vectors’ feeding behaviors. Using an electrical penetration graph, we detected that infection with the Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) in the white-backed planthopper (WBPH) and in rice plants both altered the vector’s feeding behavior. When viruliferous WBPH (carrying SRBSDV) were fed on uninfected plants, they spent more time in salivation and phloem sap ingestion than non-viruliferous insects. In comparison with uninfected plants, infected plants showed an arrestant effect on non-viruliferous WBPH for phloem sap ingestion. Differential feeding behaviors were also detected between the WBPH that inoculated or acquired SRBSDV and those that failed to. The WBPH that inoculated SRBSDV exhibited more probing bouts, salivation events and phloem sap ingestion events and longer salivation than those that failed to. The WBPH that acquired SRBSDV were quicker to reach phloem and spent more time in phloem sap ingestion than those that failed to. These behavior alterations in the vector may have adaptive advantages for SRBSDV transmission and spread success because greater salivation by viruliferous vectors on uninfected hosts will promote virus inoculation, whereas more sap ingestion by non-viruliferous vectors on infected hosts will promote virus acquisition.
Highlights
The Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV), a newly reported Fijivirus of the family Reoviridae[8], has become increasingly prevalent in southern China, Vietnam and Japan[9,10,11]
Previous reports show that the transmission of plant viruses is closely linked to the feeding behavior of sucking insect vectors
Monitoring the feeding process can reveal the behavioral mechanism of plant virus transmission by insect vectors[19,23,25,28,29,30,31]
Summary
The Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV), a newly reported Fijivirus of the family Reoviridae[8], has become increasingly prevalent in southern China, Vietnam and Japan[9,10,11]. Headspace volatiles from Luteovirus PLRV-infected mature leaves of Solanum tuberosum L. attracted the aphid M. persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)[20] These results indicate that plant viruses might indirectly manipulate the orientation or settling behavior of their insect vectors, possibly through a virus-mediated plant volatile emission[21,22]. Liu et al.[24] recorded a more rapid probing and a higher number of feeding bouts by B. tabaci in TYLCV-infected tomato plants These studies, based on detailed recordings of specific probing and feeding behaviors, imply that infection with a plant virus can directly (through the infected vectors) or indirectly (through infected host plants) alter the vector’s probing and feeding behavior in a way that increases the transmission efficiency of the virus
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