Abstract
As part of our research on cryoablation, a combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as inhibitors of the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) receptor and its ligand, programmed cell death 1-ligand 1 (PD-L1), to disrupt the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment has proven a beneficial effect on enhancing immune response. We specifically addressed myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and T-cell immunity, which are thought to play an important role in the formation of the tumor microenvironment.
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