Enzyme/inorganic nanoparticle dual-loaded animal protein/plant protein composite nanospheres and their synergistic effect in cancer therapy.

Abstract

It is a viable strategy to develop a safer and tumor-specific method by considering the tumor microenvironment to optimize the curative effect and reduce the side effects in cancer treatment. In this study, glucose oxidase (GOx) and Fe3O4 nanoparticles were successfully loaded inside regenerated silk fibroin/zein (RSF/zein) nanospheres to obtain dual-loaded Fe3O4/GOx@RSF/zein nanospheres. The unique structure of the RSF/zein nanospheres reported in our previous work was favorable to loading sufficient amounts of GOx and Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the nanospheres. For Fe3O4/GOx@RSF/zein nanospheres, GOx depletes endogenous glucose via an enzyme-catalyzed bioreaction, simultaneously generating plenty of H2O2in situ. It was further catalyzed through a Fe3O4-mediated Fenton reaction to form highly toxic hydroxyl free radicals (˙OH) in the acidic tumor microenvironment. These two successive reactions made up the combination of starvation therapy and chemodynamic therapy during cancer treatment. The catalytic activity of GOx loaded in the RSF/zein nanospheres is similar to that of the pristine enzyme. It was maintained for more than one month due to the protection of the RSF/zein nanospheres. The methylene blue degradation results confirmed the sequential reaction by GOx and Fe3O4 from Fe3O4/GOx@RSF/zein nanospheres. The in vitro experiments demonstrated that the Fe3O4/GOx@RSF/zein nanospheres entered MCF-7 cells and generated ˙OH free radicals. Therefore, these Fe3O4/GOx@RSF/zein nanospheres exhibited a considerable synergistic therapeutic effect. They showed more efficient suppression in cancer cell growth than either single-loaded GOx@RSF/zein or Fe3O4@RSF/zein nanospheres, achieving the design goal for the nanospheres. Therefore, the Fe3O4/GOx@RSF/zein nanospheres cut off the nutrient supply due to the strong glucose dependence of tumor cells and generated highly toxic ˙OH free radicals in tumor cells, effectively enhancing the anticancer effect and minimizing side effects. Therefore, in future clinical applications, the Fe3O4/GOx@RSF/zein nanospheres developed in this study have significant potential for combining starvation and chemodynamic therapy.