Enzyme-Responsive Charge-Reversal Polymer-Mediated Effective Gene Therapy for Intraperitoneal Tumors

Abstract

Gene therapy has demonstrated effectiveness in many genetic diseases, as evidenced by recent clinical applications. Viral vectors have been extensively tested in clinical gene-therapy trials, but nonviral vectors such as cationic polymers or lipids are much less used due to their lower gene-transfection efficiencies. However, the advantages of nonviral vectors, such as easily tailored structures, nonimmunogenetics, and relatively low cost, still drive great efforts to improve their transfection efficiencies. A reverse question asks if nonviral vectors with current gene transfection efficiency can find application niches. Herein, we synthesized a cationic polymer, poly{ N-[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]- N-[ p-acetyloxyphenyl]- N, N-diethylammonium chloride} (PQDEA), as a gene-delivery carrier and compared it side by side with chemotherapy drugs for cancer treatment. PQDEA is rapidly hydrolyzed by intracellular esterases into anionic poly(acrylic acid) to give low cytotoxicity and fast release of DNA for expression. PQDEA formed stable complexes with DNA (PQDEA/DNA polyplexes), which were further coated with a lipid layer to make serum-stable lipidic polyplexes, LPQDEA/DNAs, for in vivo use. In an intraperitoneal tumor xenograft model mimicking late-stage metastatic cervical cancer, the LPQDEA/DNA vector with TRAIL suicide gene exerted strong tumor inhibition as effective as paclitaxel, the first-line anticancer drug, but gave much less tumor relapse and much longer survival than the clinical chemotherapy drugs, irinotecan and paclitaxel. Equally important, the gene therapy showed much fewer adverse effects than the chemotherapy drugs. This work shows that nonviral vectors with current transfection efficiencies may produce therapeutic advantages and may be safe and worthy of clinical translation in, for example, intraperitoneal cancer therapy.