Abstract
Enzyme-assisted extraction optimization, characterization and in vitro antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from sea cucumber Phyllophorus proteus (PPP) were investigated in the present study. The optimal extraction conditions with a yield of 6.44 ± 0.06% for PPP were determined as follows: Extraction time of 2.89 h, ratio of extraction solvent to raw material of 16.26 mL/g, extraction pH of 6.83, exraction temperature of 50 °C and papain concentration of 0.15%. Three purified fractions, PPP-1a, PPP-1b and PPP-2 with molecular weights of 369.60, 41.73 and 57.76 kDa, respectively, were obtained from PPP by chromatography of FPA98Cl and Sepharose CL-6B columns. Analysis of monosaccharide compositions showed that PPP-1a consisted of N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc), galactose (Gal) and fucose (Fuc), PPP-1b of Fuc as the only monosaccharide and PPP-2 of glucuronic acid, GalNAc and Fuc. Sulfate contents of PPP, PPP-1a, PPP-1b and PPP-2 were determined to be 21.9%, 20.6%, 25.2% and 28.0% (w/w), respectively. PPP and PPP-1a had higher molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity than those of the PPP-1b and PPP-2. PPP, PPP-1a, PPP-1b and PPP-2 exhibited obvious activities of scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical and ABTS radical in different extent, which suggested that the polysaccharides from Phyllophorus proteus may be novel agents having potential value for antioxidation.
Highlights
Sea cucumbers belong to Echinodermata, Holothuroidea, and are important marine invertebrates found in most benthic marine habitats and deep seas across the world [1]
The extraction conditions for Phyllophorus proteus (PPP) were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) with a BBD design in the present study
An extraction yield of 6.44 ± 0.06% was obtained by the optimal extraction conditions: ratio of water to raw material of 16.26 mL/g, extraction time of 2.89 h, extraction pH of 6.83, temperature of 50 ◦ C
Summary
Sea cucumbers belong to Echinodermata, Holothuroidea, and are important marine invertebrates found in most benthic marine habitats and deep seas across the world [1] These animals have been a traditional tonic food and folk medicine in many countries for centuries and have gained increasing interest among researchers in recent years for their health benefits and diverse biological activities including anticancer, anti-diabetes, anti-inflammation, anti-obesity, immunomodulatory activity and anti-atherosclerosis [2,3,4,5]. The response surface methodology (RSM) is a robust method for optimization of extraction of various active substances and has been used to optimize the extraction conditions of many polysaccharides derived from different species of plant, animal and fungus for its less laborious and time-consuming advantages than other methods [15,16,17] This method may be used for optimization of the enzyme-assisted extraction conditions of polysaccharides from sea cucumber
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