Enzymatic transesterification of fats and oils from animal discards to fatty acid ethyl esters for potential fuel use

Abstract

Abstract Fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) for use as biodiesel (BD) was produced by enzymatic transesterification of salmon skin oil (SSO), a commercial oil-fat blend of yellow grease and rendered animal fat (referred to as Rothsay composite, RC), and olive oil (OO) with Lipozyme-IM® as catalyst. The effects of temperature (25–65 °C), oil: alcohol molar ratio (1:1–1:6), alcohol type (ethanol or methanol), and reaction time (8–120 h) on the yield of FAEE were assessed. The reaction products as well as residuals were identified and quantified using an HPLC unit equipped with a size exclusion column and refractive index (RI) detector. The statistical procedures of General Linear Model (PROC GLM) and PROC MIXED of SAS® were both used to analyze the data and to develop a prediction model that provides a good description of the effects of the reaction parameters on FAEE yield. The conversion rate of the oils to FAEE was generally moderate (∼50%) at the temperatures, oil: alcohol molar ratios and reaction times studied, with ethanol as co-substrate. At 45 °C and at an oil: alcohol molar ratio of 1:1, increasing reaction time from 12 to 24 h increased FAEE yield by ∼21%; while at oil: alcohol molar ratios 1:3 and 1:4, FAEE yield increased by 16% and 14% (p