Abstract
Multi-subunit enzymes are protein biopolymers that are involved in many cellular processes. The enzyme that carries out the process of transcription of mRNAs is RNA polymerase II (RNAPII), which is a multi-subunit enzyme in eukaryotes. This protein biopolymer starts the transcription from specific sites and is positioned by transcription factors, which form a preinitiation complex (PIC) on gene promoters. To recognize and position the RNAPII and the transcription factors on the gene promoters are needed specific DNA sequences in the gene promoters, which are named promoter elements. Those gene promoter elements can vary and therefore several kinds of promoters exist, however, it appears that all promoters can use a similar pathway for PIC formation. Those pathways are discussed in this review. The in vitro transcribed mRNA can be used as vaccines to fight infectious diseases, e.g., in immunotherapy against cancer and in nanotechnology to deliver mRNA for a missing protein into the cell. We have outlined a procedure to produce an mRNA vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is the causing agent of the big pandemic, COVID-19, affecting human beings all over the world. The potential advantages of using eukaryotic RNAPII to synthetize large transcripts are outlined and discussed. In addition, we suggest a method to cap the mRNA at the 5′ terminus by using enzymes, which might be more effective than cap analogs. Finally, we suggest the construction of a future multi-talented RNAPII, which would be able to synthetize large mRNA and cap them in the test tube.
Highlights
Biopolymers are molecules produced by living organisms, which contain monomeric units that are covalently linked to form larger structures
RNA-based vaccine consists in a functional messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding an antigen, which is delivered into the cellular cytoplasm of target cells where it can be translated via poly-some formation [15]
To engineer this multitalented polypeptide, we must know all fundamental and necessary domains in each of the individual subunits of core RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) and TFIIs involved in the recognition of the promoter and in the function of transcription elongation. Another polypeptide containing methyltransferase and capping activities could be engineered to add the m7G cap on all the mRNAs to produce a template 100% efficient for translation. This would be an important advance on protein biopolymers able to synthesize mRNA for uses in mRNA-based vaccines
Summary
Biopolymers are molecules produced by living organisms, which contain monomeric units that are covalently linked to form larger structures. The transcription process is mainly carried out in three the promoter element on the coding strand (or the mRNA-like strand) and copies the mRNA on the steps, which are initiation, elongation, and termination [1]. We will focus on the function of the eukaryotic enzyme RNAPII, which is a complex protein biopolymer able to synthetize the mRNA and the functions of additional protein factors required this enzyme in the process of transcription. We will focus on the function of the eukaryotic enzyme RNAPII, which is a complex protein biopolymer able to synthetize the mRNA and the functions of additional protein. The core of the transcription machinery to synthetize the is the complex protein biopolymer uses of mRNA-based vaccines, mRNA nanomedicines andmRNA on the advantages of using eukaryotic. All the four mobile elements are important for the transcription process, perhaps one of
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