Abstract
Cephalopoda is a class of Mollusca that lives in marine environments, well-known as the most distinctive features of their ink especially squid and cuttlefish species. The various valuable constituents in their ink have been used over millennia for practical and commercial purposes. The current world population of 7.6 billion is expected to reach 8.6 billion in 2030, 9.8 billion in 2050, and 11.2 billion in 2100. Thus, the amount of food, types of food in demand, and their relative contribution to diets will all change. We may face a reduction in protein sources worldwide. Humans need protein in their daily diet to maintain good health. To date, information on the benefits of squid and cuttlefish ink hydrolysates in Malaysia as an alternative protein is lacking. This study aims to review this gap and propose the potential of squid and cuttlefish ink hydrolysates as an alternative protein.
Highlights
Cephalopoda belong to the Phylum Mollusca includes animals with soft-bodied, and bilaterally symmetrical, Nautiloidea and Coleoidea are two major groups that represent cephalopods in which squids, cuttlefish, nautilus and octopus are included (Nair et al, 2011; Derby, 2014)
Melanogenesis is the reaction of melanin pigment produced dark color of squid and cuttlefish ink which occurred in the presence of melanogenic enzyme such as tyrosinase, dopachrome rearranging enzyme and peroxidase ( Jiménez-Cervantes et al, 1994; Ahamed et al, 2018)
Ahamed et al (2018) have been performed water solubility index (WSI) of Indian squid (Loligo duvauceli) and cuttlefish (Sepia latimanus) ink powders and the results showed 17.12% and 10.51%, respectively which are considered high
Summary
Cephalopoda belong to the Phylum Mollusca includes animals with soft-bodied, and bilaterally symmetrical, Nautiloidea (nautilus) and Coleoidea are two major groups that represent cephalopods in which squids, cuttlefish, nautilus and octopus are included (Nair et al, 2011; Derby, 2014). The presence of large amounts of amino acids revealed from the crude melanin of squid ink included glycine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid, as well as a trace of sulfur, contained amino acids through the chemical analysis process (Mimura et al, 1982). Among of these by-products, it has been utilized as a source of bioactive compounds that have been used in a vast scale as alternative medicine and therapeutic properties (McConnell et al, 1994; Nair et al, 2011; Vate and Benjakul, 2013). Glutamate, nitric oxide and cGMP help in regulated of ink production by activating the pathway to increase the tyrosinase and production of melanin pigments (Palumbo et al, 1997; Palumbo et al, 2000; Derby, 2014)
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