Abstract
Polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (Ppy), and polythiophene (PTh) composite nanoparticles with embedded glucose oxidase (GOx) were formed by enzymatic polymerization of corresponding monomers (aniline, pyrrole, and thiophene). The influence of monomers concentration, the pH of solution, and the ratio of enzyme/substrate on the formation of PANI/GOx, Ppy/GOx, and PTh/GOx composite nanoparticles were spectrophotometrically investigated. The highest formation rate of PANI-, Ppy-, and PTh-based nanoparticles with embedded GOx was observed in the sodium acetate buffer solution, pH 6.0. The increase of optical absorbance at λmax = 440 nm, λmax = 460 nm, and λmax = 450 nm was exploited for the monitoring of PANI/GOx, Ppy/GOx and PTh/GOx formation, respectively. It was determined that the highest polymerization rate of PANI/GOx, Ppy/GOx, and PTh/GOx composite nanoparticles was achieved in solution containing 0.75 mg mL−1 of GOx and 0.05 mol L−1 of glucose. The influence of the enzymatic polymerization duration on the formation of PANI/GOx and Ppy/GOx composite nanoparticles was spectrophotometrically investigated. The most optimal duration for the enzymatic synthesis of PANI/GOx and Ppy/GOx composite nanoparticles was in the range of 48–96 h. It was determined that the diameter of formed PANI/GOx and Ppy/GOx composite nanoparticles depends on the duration of polymerization using dynamic light scattering technique (DLS), and it was in the range of 41–167 nm and 65–122 nm, when polymerization lasted from 16 to 120 h.
Highlights
Conducting polymers (CPs) such as polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (Ppy), and polythiothene (PTh) are very attractive due to the number of technological advantages [1,2,3,4]
PANI/glucose oxidase (GOx), Ppy/GOx, and PTh/GOx composite nanoparticles were synthesized by the enzymatic polymerization of aniline, pyrrole, and thiophene, respectively
The optimal ratio of glucose oxidase/glucose for the formation of PANI/GOx, Ppy/GOx, and PTh/GOx composite nanoparticles was determined as 0.75 mg mL−1/ 0.05 mol L−1
Summary
Conducting polymers (CPs) such as polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (Ppy), and polythiothene (PTh) are very attractive due to the number of technological advantages [1,2,3,4]. Most of the CPs are insoluble in the common organic solvents, which are explained by favourable interactions between π-systems of proximal polymeric chains [7,17] Such interactions are stronger than between the polymer and the solvent; CPs are forming nanoparticles and/or larger aggregates [17]. Novel strategies for the enzymatic synthesis of PANI [21,22], Ppy [23,24,25,26], and PTh [27] were developed during the last decade In this context, the enzymatic polymerization seems to be very attractive method, which is suitable for the formation of CPs, because it is carried out in neutral aqueous solutions containing redox enzyme [21,22,24,25,27]
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