Abstract
Biocatalysts provide a number of advantages such as high selectivity, the ability to operate under mild reaction conditions and availability from renewable resources that are of interest in the development of bioreactors for applications in the pharmaceutical and other sectors. The use of oxidoreductases in biocatalytic reactors is primarily focused on the use of NAD(P)-dependent enzymes, with the recycling of the cofactor occurring via an additional enzymatic system. The use of electrochemically based systems has been limited. This review focuses on the development of electrochemically based biocatalytic reactors. The mechanisms of mediated and direct electron transfer together with methods of immobilising enzymes are briefly reviewed. The use of electrochemically based batch and flow reactors is reviewed in detail with a focus on recent developments in the use of high surface area electrodes, enzyme engineering and enzyme cascades. A future perspective on electrochemically based bioreactors is presented.
Highlights
Biocatalysts represent an alternative to conventional catalysts, providing a number of advantages that include availability from renewable resources, biodegradability and high selectivity [1]
This review describes oxidoreductases and bioreactors from an electrochemical perspective, with a focus on the electrocatalytic activity of oxidoreductases and methods to improve their use
Much of the work on the direct electron transfer of redox enzymes has focused on biosensors and biofuel cells as DET offers a number of advantages
Summary
Biocatalysts represent an alternative to conventional catalysts, providing a number of advantages that include availability from renewable resources, biodegradability and high selectivity [1]. Enzymes are proteins and catalyse a wide variety of reactions that have applications in a range of industrial processes [2,3]. They are extremely effective biological catalysts, highly selective and can operate under mild conditions (ambient temperatures, physiological pH and atmospheric pressure). The use of oxidoreductases in biocatalysis has gained significant attention in the synthesis of a variety of chemicals, such as chiral compounds [17,18,19], biofuels [20] and ammonia [21]. This review describes oxidoreductases and bioreactors from an electrochemical perspective, with a focus on the electrocatalytic activity of oxidoreductases and methods to improve their use
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