Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are commonly employed as environmentally-friendly solvents in numerous chemical applications owing to their unique physicochemical properties. In this study, a novel and environmentally-friendly extraction method based on ultrasound assisted-deep eutectic solvent extraction (UAE-DES) was investigated for the extraction of flavonoids from Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja (C. paliurus) leaves, and the antioxidant activities of these flavonoids were evaluated. Nine different DES systems based on either two or three components were tested, and the choline chloride/1,4–butanediol system (1:5 molar ratio) was selected as the optimal system for maximizing the flavonoid extraction yields. Other extraction conditions required to achieve the maximum flavonoid extraction yields from the leaves of C. paliurus were as follows: DES water content (v/v), 30%; extraction time, 30 min; temperature, 60 °C; and solid-liquid ratio, 20 mg/mL. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry allowed the detection of five flavonoids in the extract, namely kaempferol-7-O-α-l-rhamnoside, kaempferol, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucuronide, and kaempferol-3-O-β-d-glucuronide. In vitro antioxidant tests revealed that the flavonoid-containing extract exhibited strong DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging abilities. Results indicate that UAE-DES is a suitable approach for the selective extraction of flavonoids from C. paliurus leaves, and DESs can be employed as sustainable extraction media for other bioactive compounds.
Highlights
Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja (C. paliurus), which belongs to the genus CyclocaryaIljinskaja (Juglangdaceae), is a unique and state-protected plant species [1,2]
22.4 μg/mL.We can conclude from the results of the DPPH and ABTS assays that our Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) system is suitable for the extraction of flavonoids from C. paliurus leaves, and that the obtained extracts exhibit
We can conclude from the results of the DPPH and ABTS assays that our DES system is suitable for the extraction of flavonoids from C. paliurus leaves, and that the obtained extracts exhibit excellent antioxidant activities
Summary
Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja (C. paliurus), which belongs to the genus Cyclocarya. The results were compared to extractions made using acetone and citric acid solution, it was found that DESs have a high ability to extract phenolic compounds from green coffee beans, which is related with the H-bond interactions that are established between the phenolic compounds and the DESs molecules. Our main objective is to establish an efficient and environmentally friendly DES-based method for the extraction of flavonoids from C. paliurus leaves
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