Abstract
Next-generation renewable energy sources and perovskite solar cells have revolutionised photovoltaics research and the photovoltaic industry. However, the presence of toxic lead in perovskite solar cells hampers their commercialisation. Lead-free tin-based perovskite solar cells are a potential alternative solution to this problem; however, numerous technological issues must be addressed before the efficiency and stability of tin-based perovskite solar cells can match those of lead-based perovskite solar cells. This report summarizes the development of lead-free tin-based perovskite solar cells from their conception to the most recent improvements. Further, the methods by which the issue of the oxidation of tin perovskites has been resolved, thereby enhancing the device performance and stability, are discussed in chronological order. In addition, the potential of lead-free tin-based perovskite solar cells in energy storage systems, that is, when they are integrated with batteries, is examined. Finally, we propose a research direction for tin-based perovskite solar cells in the context of battery applications.
Highlights
Since a pioneering report by Kojima et al, in 2009 [1] and a subsequent breakthrough by Kim et al and Lee et al [2,3] metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have substantially transformed the field of photovoltaics
Through optimisation of the FA and MA ratios, FA0.75 MA0.25 SnI3 exhibited a relatively high power conversion efficiency (PCE) due to a high open-circuit voltage (V OC ) of 0.61 V arising from an improved perovskite film morphology and energy level alignment
We have reviewed the development of Pb-free Sn-PSCs
Summary
Since a pioneering report by Kojima et al, in 2009 [1] and a subsequent breakthrough by Kim et al and Lee et al [2,3] metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have substantially transformed the field of photovoltaics. Such next-generation light harvesters exhibit an exceptionally high-power conversion efficiency (PCE) owing to the long exciton diffusion length [4], high absorption coefficient [5], and defect tolerance [6] of perovskite materials.
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