Abstract
Sustainable development is a common goal for all countries since the concept was adopted at the 1992 Rio Conference. European Union (EU) became a world leader in most of indicators despite successive enlargement of country members with newcomers often facing basic environmental problems. In 1986, Portugal became a member of the European Economic Community (EEC), and immediately began to reflect its environmental policies. Over the last 30 years, the support of EU funds and the implementation of environmental public policies in Portugal, have been essential for the country’s sustainable development. As a result, Portugal’s standards started to be closer to those of the EU and, in some cases even exceeded it. The present article addresses, for the first time, a long series of 30 years (1987-2017), in a retrospective analysis of a set of indicators, in order to characterize the evolution of Portugal’s environmental sustainability, its relationship to the national public policies, and in the context of the EU. The progress of the indicators towards specific environmental sustainability targets is also evaluated. Moreover, a set of key indicators that also evaluate the goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development are identified. The results show that the evolution of Portugal’s environmental sustainability in the last 30 years was remarkable. The water standards, air quality, urban waste, and energy sectors showed high improvement. However, the evolution in the sectors such as land use, and environmental risks, particularly forest fires, were negative. On the other hand, for some indicators, such as renewable energies or bathing water quality, Portugal performed better than the EU-28. Environmental performance shows the positive influence of EU environment policies and structural support, changing dramatically the quality of the environment in Portugal, from a negative situation to a success case study in a generation period.
Highlights
The report “Our Common Future” [1], prepared under the aegis of the World Commission on Environment and Development and coordinated by Gro Harlem Brundtland, defined a concept of sustainable development
This section of the paper describes the evolution of Portuguese environmental sustainability according to each of the selected indicators, from 1987 to 2017, whenever data are available
Strategic Plans, are evaluated by Traffic Light System approach. These indicators are compared with the 2030 Agenda goals, in order to identify which of these indicators could evaluate these Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
Summary
The report “Our Common Future” [1], prepared under the aegis of the World Commission on Environment and Development and coordinated by Gro Harlem Brundtland, defined a concept of sustainable development. The Brundtland Report became the theoretical basis of the 1992 United Nations (UN) Conference on Environment and Development (Eco-92-Rio de Janeiro Conference), setting an agenda for the century regarding sustainability: Agenda 21. It was a theoretical concept, Agenda 21 itself, set as an objective in its Chapter 40, “... In the early 1990s, a primitive DPSIR (Driving Forces/Pressures/State/Impacts/Responses) model was developed as a structuring basis for environmental statistics. This methodology described: human activities, pressures, state of the environment, impacts on ecosystems, human health and materials and responses. The methodology came to be generalized, covering various scales of analysis, from integrated coastal zone management programs to agricultural policies or, at a larger scale, to the country’s performance (EEA), becoming a key instrument in the identification of political solutions or the impacts of those solutions [6] [7]
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