Abstract
The transition from the vegetative to the reproductive stage of growth is a critical event in the lifecycle of a plant and is required for the plant’s reproductive success. Flowering time is tightly regulated by an internal time-keeping system and external light conditions, including photoperiod, light quality, and light quantity. Other environmental factors, such as drought and temperature, also participate in the regulation of flowering time. Thus, flexibility in flowering time in response to environmental factors is required for the successful adaptation of plants to the environment. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which internal and environmental signals are integrated to regulate flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa).
Highlights
Flowering time is largely determined by environmental factors and is strongly associated with crop yield and quality [1,2,3,4]
We discuss how drought and temperature signals are integrated into these flowering time pathways, and suggest that these pathways could be fine-tuned in efforts to breed rice varieties with that these pathways could betolerance
Unlike the results described above, another study indicated that exposure to drought stress reduces Hd3a, RICE FLOWERING LOCUS T1 (RFT1), and Early heading date 1 (Ehd1) expression and delays flowering in rice [87]
Summary
Flowering time is largely determined by environmental factors and is strongly associated with crop yield and quality [1,2,3,4]. The pathway used to sense and respond to photoperiod is a regulator of flowering time in plants [4,5]. Several environmental stresses participate in the regulation of flowering time by affecting the expression of genes associated with the photoperiodic flowering pathway [3,12,13]. We describe the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of photoperiodic flowering time in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the important crop rice. We discuss how drought and temperature signals are integrated into these flowering time pathways, and suggest. We discuss how drought and temperature signals are integrated into these flowering time pathways, and suggest that these pathways could be fine-tuned in efforts to breed rice varieties with that these pathways could betolerance. Fine-tuned in efforts to breed rice varieties with improved drought and improved drought and heat heat tolerance
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