Abstract
El-Fayoum governorate has unique characteristics which induces mosquito proliferation and thus increased the risk arisen from diseases transmission. Present study explores the role of remote sensing and GIS modeling integrated with field survey for mapping mosquito breeding sites and the areas under risk of diseases transmission in El-Fayoum governorate. Entomological surveys were conducted for a total number of 40 accessible breeding sites during the period 12-16 November 2017. A calibrated Landsat OLI image, synchronized with the field trip, was processed to produce Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), and Land Surface Temperature (LST). A cartographic GIS model was generated to predict breeding sites in the whole governorate and to assess the potential risk. The main filarial disease vector (Culex pipiens) was abundant at Atsa district, while Malaria vectors (Anopheles sergentiiandAnopheles multicolor) were mainly distributed in El-Fayoum and Youssef El-Seddiq districts. Means levels of NDVI, NDMI and LST at breeding habitats were recorded; 0.18, 0.08 and 21.75° C, respectively. Results of the model showed that the highest predicted risk area was reported at Atsa district (94.4 km2) and Yousef El-Sediq (81.8 km2) while the lowest prediction was observed at Abshawai district (35.9 km2). It can be concluded that Atsa, Yousef El-Sedik and El-Fayoum districts are more vulnerable to Malaria and Filaria diseases outbreaks, thus precaution and pest control methods must be applied to mitigate the possible risks.
Highlights
El-Fayoum Governorate is particular in its nature which is differing from the Upper Egypt, Delta and the Oasis
During the period (2007-2014), Abshawai district was inhabited with the highest number of imported malaria cases, followed by El-Fayoum Snorus district
This study investigated that Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) are the best predictor for Cx
Summary
El-Fayoum Governorate is particular in its nature which is differing from the Upper Egypt, Delta and the Oasis. It is characterized by being lower than sea level and by gradual decrease in elevation. During 1971-2004, indigenous malaria cases were recorded [2] while during the period 2001–2010, the imported malaria cases were recorded. During the period (2007-2014), Abshawai district was inhabited with the highest number of imported malaria cases, followed by El-Fayoum Snorus district. These cases were imported from African countries especially Sudan [3]. The spatial variation in malarial distributions can be attributed to variations in environmental conditions (land cover, temperature, precipitation) and human population distribution that disease vectors depend on for survival [5]
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