Abstract
This research compares the environmental properties (bacterial toxicity and biodegradability) of 12 ionic liquids -ILs- (7 phosphonium, 2 imidazolium and 3 ammonium cation-based ones), potentially applicable as lubricant additive, with two types of the traditional lubricant additive ZDDP. Aquatic toxicity was determined by means of Vibrio fischeri and Escherichia coli bacteria, while biodegradability was evaluated through biological oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) measurements. Regarding toxicity results, [P4442][DEP] was the least toxic IL (acute 3 according to GHS) for both bacteria, whereas ZDDP fell into the acute 1 category (very toxic). All samples tested turned out to be poorly biodegradable, showing BOD5/COD values below 0.1. Two ILs showed better combined tribological and environmental properties than ZDDP.
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