Environmental Problems and Challenges for Coastal Zone Management in the Neva Estuary (Eastern Gulf of Finland)

Abstract

Heavy nutrient and organic matter loading, resulting in enhanced primary productivity, is currently recognised as the most serious environmental problem for the Neva Estuary and adjacent parts of the eastern Gulf of Finland. The introduction of alien species is an emerging issue for the Neva Estuary and should seriously be taken into account, considering the rapid development of the shipping industry in the area. These environmental problems along with the prevailing strategy of transport-oriented development of the coastal zone in the Neva Estuary and insufficient legislative background are the main challenges for coastal zone management in the eastern Gulf of Finland. The development of comprehensive management plans could serve as an essential step toward effective coastal zone management in the Neva Estuary and adjacent areas. Management approaches to control eutrophication in the Neva Estuary coastal zone should consider the development of filamentous algae mats and emergent macrophytes in the littoral zone as the most appropriate indicator of the ecosystem state and measure of effectiveness of management actions. Management actions should be based on the scientific knowledge of the main factors controlling the development of filamentous algae, which needs further research. The management of the introduction of alien species requires different approaches and should mainly be based on preventive actions, including ballast-water control.