Environmental pressure of active fishing method: A study on carbon emission by trawlers from north-west Indian coast

본 연구의 목적은 국산 구조용 집성재를 대상으로, 제조과정의 탄소배출을 정량화하고 탄소배출 저감방안을 제시하는 것이다. 총 2개소의 구조용 집성재 제조업체를 대상으로 원료, 수송, 제조 공정, 제조에 의한 에너지소비량 등을 현장 실사하였다. 현장에서 수집한 자료 및 구축된 전과정목록과 같은 관련문헌을 토대로 단위부피당 탄소배출을 정량화하였다. 국산 구조용 집성재의 제재 및 건조, 집성 공정별 온실가스 배출결과는 각각 31.0, 109.0, 94.2 kg <TEX>$CO_2eq./m^3$</TEX>으로 나타났다. 수입 구조용 집성재와 비교하였을 때 약 13% 온실가스를 적게 배출하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 기존의 건조 에너지원을 바이오매스로 전환시에는 기존 대비 37%의 온실가스를 감축하여 친환경성을 제고할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다. 본 결과는 향후 목조주택의 환경성을 규명하기 위한 전과정평가 수행 시, 투입된 목재제품의 전과정목록분석을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다. This study was aimed to quantify the amount of carbon dioxide emissions and to suggest suitable plans which consider the carbon emission reduction in the manufacturing process of the domestic structural glued laminated timber. Field investigation on two glued laminated timber manufacturers was conducted to find out material flow input values such as raw materials, transportation, manufacturing process, and energy consumption during manufacturing process. Based on the collected data and the relevant literatures about life cycle inventory (LCI), the amount of carbon dioxide emission per unit volume was quantified. Results show that the carbon dioxide emissions for sawing, drying and laminating process are 31.0, 109.0, 94.2 kg <TEX>$CO_2eq./m^3$</TEX>, respectively. These results show 13% lesser amount of total carbon dioxide emissions compared with the imported glued laminated timber in Korea. Furthermore, it was decreased about 37% when the fossil fuel would be replaced with biomass fuel in drying process. Findings from this study is effectively used as the basic data on the life cycle assessment of wooden building.

Life cycle carbon dioxide emissions for fill dams

With the further aggravation of global warming and the increasingly serious problems of ecological environment, the construction of low-carbon cities has become an inevitable choice for the global response to climate change and the sustainable development of economy and society. In order to understand the basic situation of China’s low-carbon cities more specifically, this paper selects countries with different urbanization rates to carry out benchmarking analysis with China, hoping to draw on the experience of other countries from the national level through multi-dimensional comparison, and guide the direction of China’s future urban development. Firstly, this paper selects the basic indicators such as the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions, per capita carbon emissions and carbon emissions per unit GDP of each country; Secondly, it compares the proportion of coal in energy and other indicators, and analyzes the energy structure of each country in depth; Thirdly, it compares the trend of carbon emissions in each country among 1990-2017. Finally, in order to reflect the carbon emission in the development of urbanization, this paper uses the “urbanization carbon emission index”, which is the ratio of per capita carbon emission and urbanization rate, to show the relationship between the degree of urbanization and carbon emission. Through benchmarking analysis, we can more clearly understand the overall trend of low-carbon city construction in different countries, recognize the gap between China and other countries, and better guide the development of low-carbon cities in China in the future.

Fishing vessel operation highly depends on fossil fuels such as gasoline, diesel to generate power. Combustion of fossil fuel would generate greenhouse gas emission such as carbon dioxide. However, the estimation of carbon dioxide emission from fishing vessel is rather scarce in Malaysia. This paper describes carbon dioxide emission estimation from fishing vessels operation in Selangor. This study was conducted at four fisheries districts in Selangor where fishing vessels anchored for operation. Fishing operation activities were divided into four fisheries operation zones (A, B, C, and C2). It involved 3,252 fishing vessels. Firstly, carbon dioxide emission for each vessel is determined by using tier 1 method waterborne navigation equation provided from Chapter 3 mobile combustion, volume two Energy, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory. After the carbon dioxide emission estimation was calculated, an inventory of emission was carried out. Then, ANOVA test was used to determine the significant differences between fishing gear and fisheries zones. Total carbon dioxide emission from fishing vessels operation in Selangor is 295.44 Gg CO2 for 2012. ANOVA test indicated there is difference in the mean carbon dioxide emission estimation between different types of fishing gear. There are also significant differences in the mean carbon dioxide emission estimation from four different fisheries zones in Selangor. Turkey Kramer Multiple Comparisons was applied to determine the pair of carbon dioxide emission of fishing vessels between types of fishing gears and fisheries zones. The burning of 89.35 Gg of fossil fuel by fishing operation released 295.4 Gg in 2012. Total amount of carbon dioxide emission from fishing vessel is low compare to latest Malaysia total carbon dioxide emission in 2000, 222,990 Gg CO2. In conclusion, status of carbon dioxide emission by fishing vessel operation has been determined for Selangor.KeywordsCarbon dioxide emissionFuel consumptionFishing vessel operation

Development of an automated estimator of life-cycle carbon emissions for residential buildings: A case study in Nanjing, China

Lead distribution in coastal and estuarine sediments around India

India accounts for nearly 60% of the croakers caught in the Indian Ocean. The north-west (NW) coast of India is the most productive fishing ground for croakers and contributes almost half of the nation’s croaker catch. Lesser sciaenids (small- and medium-sized croakers) are the multi-species complex landed by commercial trawlers along the NW coast of India. Despite several notable changes in the fishing pattern in the region, such as the emergence of multi-day fishing and increasing dominance of pelagic trawling, there is no recent assessment of this major demersal fishery group. The present study evaluates the stock status of 10 species of lesser sciaenids forming the commercial fishery in the region using length frequency data collected during 2020–2021. The assessment was made using the length-based Bayesian biomass (LBB) estimation method. The indicators of relative biomass (B/B0 and B/BMSY) showed that most of the species (seven) are fully exploited, whereas two and one species were found under- and over-exploited, respectively. Excessive juveniles (Lmean/Lopt and Lc/Lc_opt&amp;lt; 0.90) in catches were observed in the case of Paranibea semiluctuosa. A sufficient number of larger individuals (L95th/Linf&amp;lt; 0.90) in the population were lacking in the case of Johnius belangerii and Otoithes ruber. However, the study indicated a gradual improvement in stock status for most of the species over previous estimates, which can be attributed to the diversion of trawl fishing efforts towards the pelagic realm.

When treating one city as the boundary condition, the amount of urban carbon emissions equals to the net consumption of the primary and secondary energy multiplied by their respective carbon emission factor. In Beijing city, the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions caused by energy consumption has increased from 77 million ton in 1990 to 145 million ton in 2009. The emission coefficient of CO 2 has decreased from 2.85 ton per ton of standard coal equivalent in 1990 to 2.2 in 2009, which fluctuated upon 2.2 in recent years because of the adjustment of energy structure and the increasing energy consumption in the meanwhile. The CO 2 emission per capita has increased to 8.2 ton and the intensity of CO 2 emission has decreased to 1.19 ton per ten thousand GDP. Simulation and scenarios analysis shows that the peak value of CO 2 emission could reach to 210∼260 million ton during 2030 to 2040 in Beijing city. And CO 2 emission could decouple from economic development under the implementation of low-carbon strategies and developmental goals. In conclusion, carbon emission in building and transportation section should be the key points for carbon emission reduction in the future. To achieve a sustainable and low-carbon city, it is crucial to have an integrated planning of the urban energy systems by means of improving the total efficiency of the whole urban energy systems, encouraging the development of suitable low-carbon energy technology, and decreasing the energy load demands in the meanwhile.

The number of motor vehicle increases at each year in Indonesia involve much negative impact on human life such as traffic jam. People choose to go by bus to avoid the traffic jam. Another negative impact is an increase amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the air. Replacing motor vehicle to electric vehicle is the better way to decrease amount of carbon dioxide emissions. Range extended electric bus is a type of electric bus which use electric and fuel for energy source. On the basis of a typical Japanese driving cycle, optimal control strategy is designed according to the state of charge (SOC) consumption trend, which is optimized by the dynamic programming (DP) algorithm. The SOC value determines the mileage and fuel consumption, it will be the main goal of energy management. The result show that when REEB go through distance as long as the distance of BRT UNDIP – UNNES bus route, the amount of Japanese driving cycle are 11 cycles. The energy and fuel consumption that optimized by DP strategy can reach 121.66 MJ and 0.0143 L/Km. Compared with the conventional bus, the fuel consumption reach 0.212 L/Km.

During the two sessions in 2022, "carbon peak" and "carbon neutrality" were written into the government's work report for the first time, and became a hot topic of discussion among people in related industries. "Peak carbon" refers to China's commitment not to increase its carbon dioxide emissions until 2030, thus peaking and then tapering off. "Carbon neutrality" means that enterprises and individuals measure the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions generated in a certain period of time, so as to offset carbon dioxide emissions through afforestation, energy conservation and emission reduction, and achieve zero carbon dioxide emissions. Simply put, peak carbon refers to the reduction in carbon emissions after a point in time; Carbon neutrality means that the carbon dioxide produced can be "produced and sold on its own". There are many reasons for global warming, the most important of which is excessive greenhouse gas emissions. Global warming affects every aspect of people's life. Under the way of negotiation among countries, we advocate the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, from which Our country put forward the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality.

Carbon dioxide emissions are considered to be one of the main culprits in global warming and the Kyoto Protocol specifically targets reductions in carbon dioxide to reduce global warming. Because the fossil burning electric utility plants are the primary industrial source of carbon dioxide emissions, we examine how effective the U.S. electric utility companies have been in reducing carbon dioxide emissions. We evaluate 1998 carbon dioxide emissions in relation to the emissions of the base year of 1990 set by the Kyoto Protocol. We also examine whether adequate disclosures are being made by the utilities to reflect their pollution performance. The findings show that the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions increased by 35% in 1998 compared to 1990, but on a relative basis, they decreased from 205 to 204lbs/MMBTU. Though we detect some support for a positive association between pollution disclosures and pollution emissions, the electric utilities in general do not disclose much about global warming or carbon dioxide.

Background &amp; Aims: The carbon footprint is one of the parameters that can be used to estimate the amount of pollution caused by carbon dioxide compounds. This research was conducted to evaluate and estimate the carbon footprint resulting from the carbon dioxide emissions of the Zahedan Gas Power Plant due to the consumption of fossil fuels and electricity production. Materials and Methods: Carbon dioxide was read directly in the vicinity of the exhaust chimneys. In each studied season (spring, summer, or autumn), carbon dioxide was measured with 3 repetitions. TESTO (model 350, Germany) was utilized to measure carbon dioxide gas. The carbon footprint was estimated and evaluated by the IPCC method. To calculate the per capita carbon footprint, the population of Zahedan was considered based on the last census in 2021, which was 770800 people. Results: The total carbon dioxide emissions in the spring and summer of 2021 were 15.22 and 9.41 ppm, respectively. It was 12.44 and 20.37 ppm in the spring and autumn of 2022, and 21.49 ppm in the summer of 2023. The highest per capita carbon dioxide emission and intensity of carbon dioxide emission (2240.89 and 288.73, respectively) were obtained from the consumption of oil and gas in the year 2021 for electricity generation in the Zahedan Gas Power Plant. Conclusion: Zahedan Power Plant has used oil and natural gas to produce electricity, and the consumption of natural gas was higher than that of oil gas in the two years under study. The amount of carbon dioxide emissions in 2021 from the consumption of natural gas was higher than that of oil gas. In addition, the amount of carbon dioxide emissions in 2021 was higher than in 2022. According to the results, carbon dioxide emissions increased in 2023 and 2022 compared to 2021.

Analyzing the driving mechanisms behind provincial carbon emissions is crucial to formulating appropriate carbon reduction policies， which is vital for achieving China's "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality" goals. This study employed the LMDI method to examine the influences of six key factors （population size， economic development， industrial structure， energy intensity， energy structure， and carbon emission coefficient） on carbon emissions across 30 regions in China from 2010 to 2021. By using the contribution rate of each driving factor to changes in carbon emissions as the clustering variable， the K-means clustering method was used to categorize the 30 regions into five groups. This facilitated identifying the similarities and differences in carbon emission driving mechanisms across various regions. The results of the study follow： ① For most regions， economic development and population growth are the primary drivers of carbon emission increases， while energy intensity and industrial structure are important factors in carbon emission reductions. ②The driving factors of carbon emissions vary significantly between the Twelfth and Thirteenth Five-Year Plan periods， with the growth in both the amount and rate of carbon emissions being notably lower in the former period. ③ Importantly， the driving mechanisms of carbon emissions differ greatly across the five region types identified. The first and fifth types of regions face greater challenges in achieving carbon emission peak goals， whereas the second and third types are better positioned to attain these objectives. Based on the characteristics of the different region types and representative provinces and cities， targeted carbon reduction policies are proposed.

The recycling of waste metallic aluminum with high chemical exergy, which consumes a large quantity of electricity in the refining process, is insufficient. In particular, the so-called dross generated during the remelting process a part of recycling requires expensive treatment, particularly when the metallic concentration is less than 20%, before it can be landfilled. The purpose of this study is to produce hydrogen from waste aluminum sources, such as dross, using an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide in a beaker and an autoclave. During the study, the effects of temperature of the aqueous solution on the rate of hydrogen generation are to be chiefly examined. The result obtained from an XRD analysis showed that the white product that precipitated during the experiments contained aluminum hydroxide, the rate of hydrogen generation significantly increased with the concentration of sodium hydroxide and temperature of the aqueous solution, and the activation energy was 68.4 kJ mol � 1 . In the autoclave experiments, hydrogen is released quickly, along with an increase in the inner pressure to a minimum of 1.0 MPa and an increase in the temperature above 473 K. The results suggested a possibility of a new cost effective process of hydrogen production from waste aluminum along with the by prodution of sodium hydroxide. The life cycle assessment (LCA) of the proposed process for producing not only 1 kg of hydrogen but also 26 kg aluminum hydroxide from waste aluminum was carried out to assess the energy requirement and amount of carbon dioxide emissions. Results suggest that the energy requirement of our process is only 2% and the amount of carbon dioxide emissions is 4%, in comparison to a conventional method.

The increase of energy usage is the cause of greenhouse gas emission, especially carbon dioxide. Furthermore, one of the factors of high carbon emission is electricity, which is one of the energy sources needed for campus activities. The aim of this study is to analyse the amount of carbon dioxide emissions produced by the source of electricity in UiTM Perlis, for the assessment of low carbon dioxide compliance in campus. There are three types of data utilized, which are total electric consumptions in UiTM Perlis from 2013 to 2015, the building plan of UiTM Perlis, the base map of UiTM Perlis and the spatial analysis of (GIS) geographical information system. The assessment of low carbon in campus is based on the calculation of the amount of carbon dioxide emission, and it is then mapped based on five building categories. The total consumption of electrical energy by the buildings is used to determine the amount of carbon emission using the formula for carbon dioxide emission. Carbon dioxide emissions per unit square meter (ktCO2)/m2 in the three years in UiTM Perlis are 58.34, 56.24 and 55.31, respectively. Based on the comparison of these results with carbon dioxide emission guideline per unit square meter (ktCO2)/m2 which is 56.5 ktCO2, it can be seen that UiTM Perlis complies with the guideline for year 2014 and 2015.