Environmental performance optimization of window–wall ratio for different window type in hot summer and cold winter zone in China based on life cycle assessment

Abstract

This study aims at analyzing the environmental impact of each process of a typical office building over its entire life cycle in Shanghai, China, and finding out a suited limited value for window–wall ratio (WWR) of different orientation and window materials by comparing the results of different scenarios. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used as a tool for the assessment of energy consumption and associated impacts generated from utilization of energy in building construction and operation. When looking at the impacts due to building external envelope production, we observed a small but significant environmental benefit as WWR increasing. Depending on the window materials, the impact is reduced by 9–15%. The environmental benefit associated with the changing in building external envelope production mainly results from the high coefficient of recovery of window materials, include window-frame and glass. But for building use phase, WWR with different window types or orientation has various effects on environmental burden. The environmental impact of office buildings is dominated by the operation stage, although the environmental burden of material production for low-E hollow glass window is larger than single glazing window, the environmental performance of building with low-E hollow glass window is better than other window materials.