Abstract
Malaysia is currently the world leader in the production and export of palm oil. This study has a gate to gate system boundary. The inventory data collection starts at the oil palm fresh fruit bunch hoppers when the fresh fruit bunch is received at the mill up till the production of the crude palm oil in the storage tanks at the mill. The plantation phase and land use for the production of oil palm fresh fruit bunch is not included in this system boundary. This gate to gate case study of 12 mills identifies the potential impacts associated with the production of palm oil using the life cycle assessment approach and evaluates opportunities to overcome the potential impacts. Most of the impact categories show savings rather than impact. Within the system boundary there are only two main parameters that are causing the potential impacts to the environment; they are the Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) followed by the boiler ash. The impact categories that the POME contributes to are under the Respiratory Organics and Climate Change. Both these impact categories are related to air emissions. The main air emission from the POME ponds during the anaerobic digestion is the biogas which consists of methane, carbon dioxide and traces of hydrogen sulfide. An alternate scenario was conducted to see how the impact will be if the biogas was harvested and used as energy and the results shows that when the biogas is harvested, the impact from the POME is removed. The other significant impact is the boiler ash. This is the ash that is produced when the biomass is burnt in the boiler. This potential impact contributes to the ecotoxicity impact category. This is mainly because of the disposal of this ash which in most cases was used for land application in the roads leading to the mil or in the plantations. If the parameters causing these two potential impacts are curbed, then this will be a further plus point for the Malaysian oil palm industry which is already avoiding fossil fuel based energy and chemical use for processing.
Highlights
Malaysia is one of the world leaders in the production and export of palm oil
These environmental performance expectations can slowly begin to transform into demands in the market place and may even become a market barrier in the future[5]
To the environment when one tonne of palm oil is produced as shown in Table 1 is the various biomass wastes, palm oil mill effluent, gaseous emissions from the stack and biogas as well the ash from the boiler
Summary
Malaysia is one of the world leaders in the production and export of palm oil. The total exports of oil palm products, constituting of palm oil, palm kernel oil, palm kernel cake, oleo chemicals and finished products reached 20.13 million tons in 2006 from 18.62 million tons recorded in 2005[4]. China, maintained its position as the largest export market or Malaysian palm oil for the fifth consecutive year followed by the European Union , Pakistan, USA , India , Japan and Bangladesh Together these seven countries accounted for 9.32 million tons or 64.7% of total Malaysian palm oil exports in 2006[4]. Since European Union is the second largest importer of palm oil, it is essential that the oil palm industry is ready to meet the higher expectation of these overseas customers on the environmental performance of the industry These environmental performance expectations can slowly begin to transform into demands in the market place and may even become a market barrier in the future[5]. In view of this it would be wise to introspect, Corresponding Author: Vijaya Subramaniam, Engineering and Processing Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. Persiaran Institusi Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia Tel: 603-87694470 Fax: 603-89262971 310
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