Abstract
In this study, the life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to compare the environmental performances of a conventional bulk carrier (baseline vessel) and a wind-energy-optimised bulk carrier equipped with modern on-board technologies working in synergy (future vessel). Fossil fuels was used for the baseline vessels, whereas the future vessel used liquefied biogas (LBG) and hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) as marine fuels. The entire life cycle phases of the vessels, namely, construction, operation, maintenance, and end-of-life, were included. The results showed that the future vessel could reduce 31.23% energy consumption, compared to the baseline model. Furthermore, the significant reduction in CO2 (48.6%), NOX (88.6%), SOX (100.0%), and black carbon (94.0%) in the tank-to-wake phase was achieved owing to energy-saving technologies working in synergy and alternative fuels. This study emphasizes the vital role of energy efficiency, technologies, and alternative fuels to achieve the zero-emission ambition of the maritime industry. Furthermore, the impacts of ship construction, maintenance, and end-of-life need to be fully considered in order to decarbonize vessel from a life cycle perspective.
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