Abstract
BackgroundAssessing soil erosion, sediment yield and sediment retention capacity of watersheds is one of the under-researched areas in watersheds of developing countries like Lake Hawassa watershed. The study examined soil erosion and sediment yield and their environmental implications in the Lake Hawassa watershed. The quantification and mapping were carried out using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model. Data such as Land Use Land Cover (LULC), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), rainfall, soil, and management practice were used as input parameters.ResultsThe empirical analysis confirmed that the watershed has a total soil loss of about 5.27 Mt annually. The mean annual erosion rate from the watershed was estimated to be 37 t ha−1 year−1. The estimated erosion rate was greater than the maximum tolerable erosion limit in Ethiopia (2–18 t ha−1 year−1). The total amount of sediment which was exported to the nearby streams and lakes in the watershed was estimated to be 1.6 t ha−1 year−1. The water bodies receive a total of 226,690.3 t of sediment annually. Although higher soil loss and sediment export per unit of area were estimated from the highest slope gradients, greater contributions to the total soil loss and sediment export were computed from slopes with 5–30% gradients. In terms of LULC, the highest contribution to the total soil loss was computed from cultivated land while the highest rate of soil loss per hectare was observed from bare land. Due to the existing vegetative cover, a total of 18.65 Mt (130.7 t ha−1 year−1) of sediment was retained. Vegetation-covered LULCs such as forest, woodland, shrubland, and agroforestry revealed the highest sediment retention capacity. As a result of the increased soil erosion and sediment yield in the watershed, the drying-out of a small lake and the rise in the water level of Lake Hawassa were identified.ConclusionMost of the soil loss and sediment yield were contributed by a small part of the watershed. Thus, the results underscore the urgent need for targeted soil and water conservation measures of various types to ensure the sustainability of the watershed resources.
Highlights
Soil erosion is a global environmental problem that affects the provisioning and regulation of various ecosystem services (Bezabih et al 2016; Borrelli et al 2017; Hassen and Assen 2018; Aneseyee et al 2020b)
The study revealed much of the soil erosion and sediment export were contributed by cultivated lands and higher slopping areas in the watershed
This reveals that the soil erosion and sediment yield in the watershed were mainly induced by human activities through the cultivation of higher slopes
Summary
Soil erosion is a global environmental problem that affects the provisioning and regulation of various ecosystem services (Bezabih et al 2016; Borrelli et al 2017; Hassen and Assen 2018; Aneseyee et al 2020b). It is explained as the detachment, transportation, and deposition of soil materials by water, wind, ice, or gravity (Aksoy and Kavvas 2005; Panagos et al 2015; Boakye et al 2020). The quantification and mapping were carried out using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model Data such as Land Use Land Cover (LULC), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), rainfall, soil, and management practice were used as input parameters
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