Abstract
This study attempted to use produced water (PW) to irrigate turfgrass species, Cynodon dactylon and Paspalum sp. Assessment on established grasses, heavy metal accumulation and germination tests for weeds and turf grass seeds were conducted to evaluate the impact of PW irrigation. C. dactylon depicted lower tolerance while Paspalum sp. showed better tolerance capacity towards PW. C. dactylon grown from seeds under greenhouse conditions were not able to tolerate more than 30% concentration of PW (4.5% salinity). In comparison to tap water irrigated turf grass, Paspalum sp. was found to accumulate higher concentrations of V and Pb in shoots and Cr, Ni and As in roots. The results of seed germination tests recommended that irrigation with PW is to be performed after turfgrass establishment. Germination tests also revealed that PW could encourage growth of the weed—Chloris virgata while it could discourage growth of Amaranthus viridis and Launaea mucronata. This study suggests that PW could be used for turfgrass as an alternative water resource but only after further research on the long-term scale.
Highlights
This study attempted to use produced water (PW) to irrigate turfgrass species, Cynodon dactylon and Paspalum sp
The grass was able to survive at 25% PW irrigation (Fig. 1), the green biomass and the dry matter both above and below the ground were significantly reduced (Fig. 2) compared to the turf grass biomasses subjected to tap water irrigation
After 14 weeks of irrigation, results from dry matter biomass, indicated a statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) reduction in leaf dry weight starting from 20% PW and the matching 3% salinity treatments, while a significant reduction (p ≤ 0.05) in root biomass started from 30% PW or the matching equivalence of salinity treatment (4.5%) was observed (Fig. 3)
Summary
This study attempted to use produced water (PW) to irrigate turfgrass species, Cynodon dactylon and Paspalum sp. Given the high salinity and total organic content (TOC) levels of produced water, the authors tested salt tolerant non-food biofuel. Crops—Switch grass (Panicum virgatum L.) and Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) They reported that the highest concentrations tested (salinity and TOC) significantly lowered the growth, health and physiological characteristics of both species. Another study used produced water sourced from Wyoming and Montana in the U.S on switch grass and corn, and four biofuel species— lemongrass, Japanese corn mint, common wormwood and spearmint. They concluded that prolonged use of produced water could have long-term deleterious effects on the soil and the plants, except if the produced water was treated or diluted with clean water[12]
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