Abstract
Human exposure to air pollution is a major public health concern. Environmental policymakers have been implementing various strategies to reduce exposure, including the 10th-day-no-driving system. To assess exposure of an entire population of a community in a highly polluted area, pollutant concentrations in microenvironments and population time–activity patterns are required. To date, population exposure to air pollutants has been assessed using air monitoring data from fixed atmospheric monitoring stations, atmospheric dispersion modeling, or spatial interpolation techniques for pollutant concentrations. This is coupled with census data, administrative registers, and data on the patterns of the time-based activities at the individual scale. Recent technologies such as sensors, the Internet of Things (IoT), communications technology, and artificial intelligence enable the accurate evaluation of air pollution exposure for a population in an environmental health context. In this study, the latest trends in published papers on the assessment of population exposure to air pollution were reviewed. Subsequently, this study proposes a methodology that will enable policymakers to develop an environmental health surveillance system that evaluates the distribution of air pollution exposure for a population within a target area and establish countermeasures based on advanced exposure assessment.
Highlights
Air pollution poses a major environmental health problem and remains one of the biggest challenges faced by many countries
Previous research has largely focused on a range of air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM), ozone (O3 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), Toxics 2020, 8, 74; doi:10.3390/toxics8030074
Exposure was calculated based on the sum of the time spent by individuals in different microenvironments and the average concentration of time-weighted pollutants at this specific model with thethe environmental health surveillance system and location [9]
Summary
Air pollution poses a major environmental health problem and remains one of the biggest challenges faced by many countries. There is evidence demonstrating that exposure to air pollutants may increase the risk of diseases such as lung cancer and respiratory illnesses [2,3,4]. Previous research has largely focused on a range of air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM), ozone (O3 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), Toxics 2020, 8, 74; doi:10.3390/toxics8030074 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxics. Exposure to PM has been reported to have adverse respiratory and cardiovascular health effects, including decreased lung function, asthma, cardiopulmonary disease, and lung cancer [4,8,9]
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