Abstract
The water requirements of rivers are the main focus of this article, which traces the history of environmental flow assessment methods, the emergence of holistic ecosystem level environmental flow frameworks, the details of three of these (DRIFT, ELOHA, FERGRA), and the diversification and expanding scales and scope of their applications. The chapter continues with a discussion of emerging issues for the future of environmental flows under shifting climatic and other environmental regimes, when historical hydrological and ecological baselines will change and new perspectives on environmental water will be needed. The article ends with an outline of efforts to increase the visibility and social-ecological relevance of environmental flows. It presents the Brisbane Declaration and Global Action Agenda on Environmental Flows (2018) and examples of its uptake in global spheres of influence, such as inclusion of environmental flows in the SDG Water Stress Indicator, and the potential for environmental flows to contribute to the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework.
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