Abstract
Metacommunity theory provides a useful framework to describe the underlying factors (e.g., environmental and dispersal-related factors) influencing community structure. The strength of these factors may vary depending on the properties of the region studied (e.g., environmental heterogeneity and spatial location) and considered biological groups. Here, we examined environmental and dispersal-related controls of stream macroinvertebrates and diatoms in three regions in China using the distance-decay relationship analysis. We performed analyses for the whole stream network and separately for two stream network locations (headwater and downstream sites) to test the network position hypothesis (NPH), which states that the strength of environmental and dispersal-related controls varies between headwater and downstream communities. Community dissimilarities were significantly related to environmental distances, but not geographical distances. These results suggest that communities are structured strongly by environmental filtering, but weakly by dispersal-related factors such as dispersal limitation. More importantly, we found that, at the whole network scale, environmental control was the highest in the regions with highest environmental heterogeneity. Results further showed that the influence of environmental control was strong in both headwaters and downstream sites, whereas spatial control was generally weak in all sites. This suggests a lack of consistent support for the NPH in our studied stream networks. Moreover, we found that local-scale variables relative to basin-scale variables better explained community dissimilarities for diatoms than for macroinvertebrates. This indicates that diatoms and macroinvertebrates responded to environment at different scales. Collectively, these results suggest that the importance of drivers behind the metacommunity assembly varied among regions with different level of environmental heterogeneity and between organism groups, potentially indicating context dependency among stream systems and taxa.
Highlights
The assembly rules of biotic communities are among the leading concerns of community ecology
The study regions located in different climate zones: Irtysh River (ITR), Qiantang River (QTR) and Mekong River (MKR) in temperate arid climate, subtropical monsoon climate and tropical monsoon climate, respectively (Wang et al, 2012; Ding et al, 2017; Chen et al, 2019)
We further found that communities were exclusively controlled by environment in both headwater and downstream sites, giving no consistent support for the general predictions of the network position hypothesis (NPH)
Summary
The assembly rules of biotic communities are among the leading concerns of community ecology. Metacommunity theory suggests that the assembly of local communities results from a combination of dispersal, environmental filtering, stochastic colonization and extinction events, and biological interactions (Leibold et al, 2004). Based on these assembly processes, Leibold et al (2004) suggested four paradigms or archetypes of metacommunities: species sorting, mass effects, neutral model and patch dynamics. The importance of environmental filtering is expected to vary among regions that cover different levels of environmental heterogeneity (Leibold et al, 2004) Such an effect would be more likely to be found when studying metacommunities that show intermediate amongsite dispersal and intermediate spatial extent (e.g., within a river basin, Heino et al, 2015b). Empirical support for such an expectation (i.e., the importance of environmental filtering on community composition is expected to be greater within regions that have higher environmental heterogeneity) is relatively weak, in stream ecosystems (Landeiro et al, 2012; Grönroos et al, 2013; Heino et al, 2015a)
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