Environmental Factors and Disease: Stress and Cancer

Abstract

The sections in this article are: 1 Stress-Induced Changes in Tumor Progression in Nonhuman Subjects 1.1 Effect of Physical Stressors on Tumor Progression 1.1.1 Cold 1.1.2 Dietary Restriction and Ethanol Exposure 1.1.3 Light-Dark Shift 1.1.4 Rotation 1.1.5 Restraint 1.1.6 Swim 1.1.7 Anesthesia and Surgery 1.2 Effect of Psychological Stressors on Tumor Progression 1.2.1 Handling 1.2.2 Conditioning 1.2.3 Housing, Aggression, and Social Dominance 1.3 Summary 2 Effects of Manipulations of the Micro-Environment on Stress-Induced Changes in Tumor Progression 2.1 Psychiatric–Pharmacological Manipulations 2.2 Hormonal Manipulations 2.2.1 Corticosterone 2.2.2 Melatonin 2.2.3 Estrogen 2.2.4 Prolactin 2.3 Neurochemical Manipulations 2.3.1 Opiates 2.3.2 Sympathetic Nervous System 2.4 Other Influences on Stress-Induced Tumor Progression 2.5 Summary 3 Psychological Effects on Tumors in Human Subjects 4 conclusion4 Conclusion