Environmental epidemiology and neurological manifestations of dengue serotypes with special inference on molecular trends, virus detection, and pathogenicity

Abstract

The emergence of new viruses is a matter of significant concern in the current decade. It has dazed the indigenous healthcare systems in various parts of the world. Consequently, the resources for fighting the rapid spread of the DENV are ineffectual, insufficient, and incompetent. Several environmental factors have been allied with dengue fever transmission. High documentation of neuropathogenesis in dengue-infected individuals in recent years reflects the significance of our study, and the information discussed in this review can be used to enhance clinical awareness along with advances in diagnostic approaches. The replication of the DENV genome is usually engaged in a membrane-linked replication complex; the virion budding and morphogenesis have been found to take place in the modified endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Most of these non-structural proteins are believed to be responsible for RNA replication and polyprotein processing. The nucleic acid-based strategies have provided high sensitivity and progressively replacing conventional techniques. Advanced technologies like PCR have offered timely serotyping of dengue viruses, which illustrates the early warning of dengue epidemics. The molecular methods help to characterize the key factors responsible for the rapid spread of viruses and thereby update the vector control programmes targeted at extenuating their adverse impacts on public health. The vast diversity of dengue virus strains worldwide with special inference on their clinical manifestations and genetic characteristics was also analyzed in this study. As dengue threatens one third of the world's population, practical applications of advanced molecular strategies from an environmental and phylogenetic perspective are critical for disease control.