Environmental Enrichment in Postoperative Pain and Surgical Care

Abstract

Holistic biopsychosocial care has been underemphasized in perioperative pathway designs. The importance and a cost-effective way of implementing biopsychosocial care to improve postoperative pain and facilitate surgical convalescence are not well established, despite the recent popularization of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) programs. We have explored the evidence and rationale of environmental enrichment (EE) as a complementary multimodal psychosocial care pathway to reduce postoperative pain, optimize patient recovery and improve existing weaknesses in surgical care. We conducted a database search to identify and grade potential EE techniques for their evidence quality and consistency in the management of acute postoperative pain, perioperative anxiety and the etiologically comparable acute procedural or experimental pain. The introduction of music, virtual reality, educational information, mobile apps, or elements of nature into the healthcare environment can likely improve patients' experience of surgery. Compared with traditional psychological interventions, EE modalities are voluntary, therapist-sparing and more economically sustainable. We have also discussed practical strategies to integrate EE within the perioperative workflow. Through a combination of sensory, motor, social and cognitive modalities, EE is an easily implementable patient-centered approach to alleviate pain and anxiety in surgical patients, create a more homelike recovery environment and improve quality of life.