Abstract
The limited role of the EC in enforcing Community environmental law - proceedings before the EC J- IMPEL; Enforcement tools available in the Member States - comparison with the position in the U.S. - administrative and criminal sanctions - absence of civil penalties outside tort law - the trend towards strict liability and the decline of mens rea - enforcement against individuals; Inspection and enforcement procedures - evidence gathering - powers of inspectors - criminal investigations - third party claims and citizen suits -presumptions of innocence - negotiating settlements; Management and compliance programs and their role in reducing the risk of enforcement proceedings.
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