Environmental Contexts of Ultimate Decisions: Why White Nursing Home Residents Are Twice as Likely as African American Residents to Have an Advance Directive

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which observed differences between White and African American nursing home residents in having an advance directive are attributable to differences between the groups in personal characteristics, the organizational environment of the nursing home, and the geographical environment of the counties in which the nursing homes are located. By using the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Nursing Home Component matched with county-level measures from the Area Resource File, we modeled the probability of having an advance directive as a function of nursing home resident, facility, and county characteristics for African American and White residents. The probability of having an advance directive was 27.0% for African American residents and 63.6% for White residents. Nearly half of this 36.6 percentage point gap could be explained by group differences in personal, facility, and county characteristics. County characteristics play a more prominent role than do personal or facility measures in explaining the observed ethnic gap in the prevalence of advance directives. Additional studies should focus further on geographic, health status, and attitudinal variations among nursing home residents that may account for the remaining ethnic difference in the prevalence of advance directives among nursing home residents.