Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent women's cancer, with an age-adjusted incidence of 122.9 per 100,000 US women. Cadmium, a ubiquitous carcinogenic pollutant with multiple biological effects, has been reported to be associated with breast cancer in one US regional case-control study. We examined the association of breast cancer with urinary cadmium (UCd), in a case-control sample of women living on Long Island (LI), NY (100 with breast cancer and 98 without), a region with an especially high rate of breast cancer (142.7 per 100,000 in Suffolk County) and in a representative sample of US women (NHANES 1999-2008, 92 with breast cancer and 2,884 without). In a multivariable logistic model, both samples showed a significant trend for increased odds of breast cancer across increasing UCd quartiles (NHANES, p=0.039 and LI, p=0.023). Compared to those in the lowest quartile, LI women in the highest quartile had increased risk for breast cancer (OR=2.69; 95% CI=1.07, 6.78) and US women in the two highest quartiles had increased risk (OR=2.50; 95% CI=1.11, 5.63 and OR=2.22; 95% CI=.89, 5.52, respectively). Further research is warranted on the impact of environmental cadmium on breast cancer risk in specific populations and on identifying the underlying molecular mechanisms.
Highlights
Breast cancer is the most prevalent women’s cancer worldwide [1]
Because of the relatively high incidence of breast cancer on LI, we looked for associations between urine cadmium and breast cancer in a case-control sample of women living on LI obtained from the Long Island Database Project for Breast Cancer (LIDPBC), a repository of demographic and health data of female residents of LI
A dichotomous variable for below/above median urinary cadmium (UCd) for LIDPBC controls was significantly associated with increased breast cancer risk in the LIDPBC sample
Summary
Breast cancer is the most prevalent women’s cancer worldwide [1]. The rate of breast cancer in the United States, 122.9 per 100,000 U.S women [2], is among the highest in the world [3], certain regions, including the northeastern states, have somewhat higher rates than the US overall. Suffolk County and Nassau County, Long Island (LI), New York (NY), with rates of 142.7 and 138.7 per 100,000 women from 2000-2004 [4] respectively, have been the focus of several studies looking for associations between environmental pollutants and breast cancer [5]. A LI hospitalbased study found no increased risk of breast cancer associated with organochlorine concentrations in breast adipose tissue [9] and Jacquez [10] found no association between airborne cadmium exposure and breast cancer rates on LI
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