Abstract
Application of copper based fungicide to control black pod disease caused by Phytophthora megakarya is a common practice among cocoa farmers. Copper based fungicide has detrimental effect on the environment and the output of cocoa production. Failure to abide by the recommended quantity of fungicide to use was common. Several studies on cocoa production often ignore this externality. In this study environmental efficiency of cocoa farmers was estimated based on the use of detrimental variable (deviation from the recommended quantity of fungicide to use on cocoa farm) and traditional inputs within the framework of stochastic frontier approach. The averages of fungicide used per cropping season per hectare in cocoa farms were 2230, 5820 and 10,555 g for cocoa farmers that used below, actual and above the recommended doses, respectively; while averages of cocoa outputs were 0.92, 3.35 and 1.32 metric tonnes for farmers that used below, actual and above recommended doses of fungicide respectively. The low environmental efficiency did not only raise the cost of production but also showed that the wrong use of fungicide in cocoa farm constituted environmental burden thus making the soil unsustainable for cocoa production. It was recommended that farmers should be educated on the significance and mode of application of recommended dose of fungicide on cocoa plantation.
Highlights
Agriculture remains a major sector in the Nigerian economy with over 70% of the population depend on farming as a major source of livelihood (Balogun and Obi-Egbedi, 2012)
The low environmental efficiency among cocoa farmers in the application of copper based fungicides in the study area confirmed that it is a burden to the environment and threat to sustainability of natural capital
This was corroborated by the significant variation in average cocoa output among farmers based on the quantity of fungicide applied to cocoa plantation per hectare
Summary
Agriculture remains a major sector in the Nigerian economy with over 70% of the population depend on farming as a major source of livelihood (Balogun and Obi-Egbedi, 2012). It provides the bulk of employment, income and food for the rapidly growing population as well as the supply of raw materials for agro-based industries. Crop production constitutes the most important sub-sector of agriculture providing cocoa, cotton, groundnut, palm oil products and rubber as the principal export crops. The increase in cocoa output in recent years has placed Nigeria in the fourth place among world cocoa producer after Ivory Coast, Ghana and Indonesia (IFPRI, 2010)
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