Abstract
Agricultural activity greatly contributes to the secondary PM2.5 concentrations by releasing relatively large amounts of ammonia emissions. Nonetheless, studies and air quality policies have traditionally focused on industrial emissions such as NOx and SOx. To compare them, this study used a three-dimensional modeling system (e.g., WRF/CMAQ) to estimate the effects of emission control policies of agricultural and industrial emissions on PM2.5 pollution in Chungcheong, an agriculturally active region in Korea. Scenario 1 (S1) was designed to estimate the effect of a 30% reduction in NH3 emissions from the agro-livestock sector on air pollution. Scenario 2 (S2) was designed to show the air quality under a mitigation policy on NOx, SOx, VOCs, and primary PM2.5 from industrial sources, such as power plants and factories. The results revealed that monthly mean PM2.5 in Chungcheong could decrease by 3.6% (1.1 µg/m3) under S1 with agricultural emission control, whereas S2 with industrial emission control may result in only a 0.7~1.1% improvement. These results indicate the importance of identifying trends of multiple precursor emissions and the chemical environment in the target area to enable more efficient air quality management.
Highlights
Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5 ) is considered a serious hazard due to its adverse effects on human health and the ecosystem [1,2,3]
Chungcheong has the second and first largest number of dairy cattle and swine, which belong to the livestock with the highest emission factors (Table 2) [35]
We compared the spatial distribution of NOx and ozone concentration changes under Scenario 2 (S2), which are shown in Figures 15 and ozone concentration changes under S2, which are shown in Figures 15 and 16
Summary
Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5 ) is considered a serious hazard due to its adverse effects on human health and the ecosystem [1,2,3]. Han et al [17] estimated that more than 11,000 premature deaths were attributable to high PM2.5 pollution in South Korea in 2015, especially concentrated in the Seoul and Gyeonggi province with high population densities. PM2.5 , such as nitrate and sulfate, are formed through chemical reactions between the base. PM2.5, such as nitrate and sulfate, are formed through chemical reactions between the base gas NH3 and acidic gas (i.e., NO2 and SO2). Some studies have suggested that ammonia plays a critical role in the formulation of. Studies despite on the effects of NH3short-term emission mitigations in fluctuations. In this study, conducted studyintothe estimate the impact of agricultural ammonia emission we control on PMa2.5modeling concentration. The results were compared to to other cases of industrial emission control.
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