Abstract
In 1970s the city of Baghdad had a good infrastructure. Education and healthcare systems were widely regarded as the best in the Middle East. Income per capita rose to over US$3600 in the early 1980s. Since that time, successive wars and a repressive, state-dominated economic system have stifled economic growth and development and debilitated basic infrastructure and social services. At the end of the 2003 war, Baghdad’s infrastructure was seriously degraded. The majority of the population had limited or inadequate access to essential basic services. Currently, there is an ongoing effort by donor countries, such as the United States (US) (through the US Agency for International Development (USAID)), Japan, the European Union (EU), etc., as well as efforts by multilateral agencies such as the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs), to restore the sector to standards that existed prior to the latest conflict. The present study deals with the evaluation of four projects proposed to improve the deteriorating status of water and wastewater treatment plants. Three methods viz. checklist, strategic environment assessment and cost and benefit analysis are used to evaluate the efficiency of the projects.
Highlights
Infrastructural projects are very crucial in the overall development of society
There is an ongoing effort by donor countries, such as the United States (US) (through the US Agency for International Development (USAID)), Japan, the European Union (EU), etc., as well as efforts by multilateral agencies such as the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs), to restore the sector to standards that existed prior to the latest conflict
In the checklist for water supply and sewerage certain numerical values have been assigned which measure the impact of a particular condition in the checklist
Summary
Infrastructural projects are very crucial in the overall development of society. They cater to the basic needs of the population and promote the growth of economy. Today most Iraqis have limited access to essential basic services, including electricity, water supply, sanitation, and refuse collection. Due to rapid industrialization and population growth in some of these regions, and increasing recognition of the regional and global environmental impacts of certain development projects, the need to apply EIA in these countries effectively is apparent. The International Organization for Standardisation (ISO) Standard 14011, which covers EIA, includes principal steps such as general requirements, environmental policy, planning, implementation and operation, checking and corrective action, and management review. The scientific validity of the technology available for the prediction of impacts varies depending upon the particular environmental descriptor
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