ENVIRONMENTAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE NATURAL DISTRIBUTION OF EVERGREEN AND DECIDUOUS ERICACEOUS SHRUBS ON NORTHEAST- AND SOUTHWEST-FACING SLOPES OF THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS. II. WATER RELATIONS.

Abstract

Three species of shrubs (Ericaceae) were found to segregate upon the northeast and southwest slopes of spur ridges on Brush Mountain, in southwestern Virginia. Rhododendron maximum was found only in valleys and lower northeast slopes, Rhododendron periclymenoides = R. nudiflorum) was found on northeast slopes while Kalmia latifolia was most abundant on southwest slopes. Previous vegetation studies indicated that these partially segregated distributions were related to irradiance and water availability. In field studies of water potential, R. periclymenoides had the lowest diurnal leaf water potentials and the largest seasonal variation in midday leaf water potential. Kalmia latifolia had the highest leaf conductance in field and phytotron experiments. Rhododendron maximum had the greatest seasonal osmotic adjustment followed by R. periclymenoides and K. latifolia. In phytotron experiments, the photosynthetic capacity of R. maximum was the most sensitive to water stress followed by R. periclymenoides and K. latifolia. Kalmia latifolia was able to modify its conductance rates to reduce water loss and maintain constant leaf water potential minimizing photosynthetic inhibition. Rhododendron periclymenoides showed extreme luxury spending of water indicated by high conductance and low photosynthesis. The ecophysiological responses to water and irradiance provided an explanation for the distributions of the three species. For example, R. maximum leaves are sensitive to elevated irradiance, and carbon gain is strongly influenced by water stress. Thus, R. maximum will perform best in low irradiance environments with ample water, such as valley sites. Each species had a unique set of adaptations for performing best in their optimum habitat.