Abstract
The T lymphocyte response to pathogens is shaped by the microenvironment. Environmental sensors in T cells include the nutrient-sensing serine/threonine kinases, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1. Other environmental sensors are transcription factors such as hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. The present review explores the molecular basis for the impact of environmental signals on the differentiation of conventional T cell receptor αβ T cells and how the T cell response to immune stimuli can coordinate the T cell response to environmental cues.
Highlights
T lymphocytes respond to immune stimulation by clonally expanding and differentiating to effector cells that produce the cytokines, chemokines, and cytolytic molecules that mediate adaptive immune responses
It is increasingly recognized that antigen and cytokine stimuli coordinate how T cells respond to environmental cues by controlling the expression of nutrient receptors on the T cell membrane and by controlling the expression and function of environmental-sensing transcription factors that control T cell differentiation [5, 8,9,10] (Figure 1)
T cell differentiation can be regulated by the bacterial environment because many of the cytokines and chemokines produced when pattern recognition receptors in cells of the innate immune system are triggered by bacterial products and subsequently control the adaptive immune response by acting on T cells
Summary
Reviewed by: Ananda Goldrath, University of California San Diego, USA Fan Pan, Johns Hopkins University, USA. The T lymphocyte response to pathogens is shaped by the microenvironment. Environmental sensors in T cells include the nutrient-sensing serine/threonine kinases, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1. Other environmental sensors are transcription factors such as hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. The present review explores the molecular basis for the impact of environmental signals on the differentiation of conventional T cell receptor αβ T cells and how the T cell response to immune stimuli can coordinate the T cell response to environmental cues
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