Entry techniques in gynecologic laparoscopy—a review

Abstract

Laparoscopy is one of the most common surgical procedures in gynecologic medicine. Major complications associated with gynecologic laparoscopy are relatively rare, with up to 50% related to laparoscopic entry. Several entry techniques have been developed, all of which aim to provide a safe and easy entry to the abdominal cavity. In this article, we aim to review the available evidence on laparoscopic entry techniques in gynecologic surgery. We found no evidence that the Hasson (open) technique is superior to the Veress needle entry, the preferred method of most gynecologists all over the world. When entering the abdomen using the Veress needle, an intraperitoneal pressure <10 mmHg is a reliable predictor of correct intraperitoneal placement. Entry at Palmer’s point (left upper quadrant laparoscopy) is recommended for patients with suspected or known periumbilical adhesions, or a history or presence of umbilical hernia, or after three failed insufflation attempts at the umbilicus. Recently published trials suggest that direct trocar entry, especially when using optical trocar systems, might be superior to both the Hasson open technique and the Veress needle entry to avoid extraperitoneal insufflation and failed entry. Moreover, blood loss can be reduced and the mean entry time shortened. Laparoscopic entry techniques are still a controversial topic in gynecologic surgery. Many studies are underpowered in order to assess the risk for rare but life-threatening complications. In conclusion, there is no solid evidence proving the superiority of any method of laparoscopic entry.