Entropy minimization in non-linear radiative heat transfer of magnetized Carreau nanofluid using PSO technique

Abstract

In this work, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique is employed to minimize the entropy generation on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Carreau nanofluid flow along a porous nonlinear stretching sheet with non-linear thermal radiation. The mathematical model of the governing flow yields the system of non-linear partial differential equations (PDE) which are then converted into ordinary differential equations (ODE) using similarity transformation variables. Shooting method has been implemented with Runge-Kutta Fehlberg (RKF) fourth-fifth order integration scheme to solve the resulting equations. The numerical results are validated with the existing literature as a special case. The behavior of various physical flow parameters on entropy generation, Bejan number, velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are demonstrated graphically. The physical impact of all the involved parameters on skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number and local Sherwood number is analyzed and presented in tabular form. Furthermore, it is found that enhancing temperature difference parameter fl reduces the entropy generation number and an inverse trend is noticed for the Reynolds number Re in both shear thickening and shear thinning fluids.