Abstract
Our objective in the present study is to scrutinize the flow of aqueous based nanofluid comprising single and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) past a vertical cone encapsulated in a permeable medium with solutal stratification. Moreover, the novelty of the problem is raised by the inclusion of the gyrotactic microorganisms effect combined with entropy generation, chemical reaction, and thermal radiation. The coupled differential equations are attained from the partial differential equations with the help of the similarity transformation technique. The set of conservation equations supported by the associated boundary conditions are solved numerically with the bvp4c MATLAB function. The influence of numerous parameters on the allied distributions is scrutinized, and the fallouts are portrayed graphically in the analysis. The physical quantities of interest including the skin friction coefficient and the rate of heat and mass transfers are evaluated versus essential parameters, and their outcomes are demonstrated in tabulated form. For both types of CNTs, it is witnessed that the velocity of the fluid is decreased for larger values of the magnetic and suction parameters. Moreover, the value of the skin friction coefficient drops versus the augmented bioconvection Rayleigh number. To corroborate the authenticity of the presented model, the obtained results (under some constraints) are compared with an already published paper, and excellent harmony is achieved in this regard.
Highlights
Nanofluid, characterized by copious attractive features, including outstanding chemical and mechanical steadiness, significant improvement in thermal conductivity, etc. [1], is found to serve in a number of engineering applications, for example fuel-cells [2], porous materials [3], petroleum engineering [4], and biotechnology [5,6], among others
The pioneering work was done by Choi and Eastman [7] who found that thermal conductivity of the base fluid will increase from the insertion of metallic particles
The flow of 3D couple stress nanofluid past an exponentially stretching surface associated with zero mass flux at the surface and convective boundary conditions was deliberated by Ramzan et al [10]
Summary
Nanofluid, characterized by copious attractive features, including outstanding chemical and mechanical steadiness, significant improvement in thermal conductivity, etc. [1], is found to serve in a number of engineering applications, for example fuel-cells [2], porous materials [3], petroleum engineering [4], and biotechnology [5,6], among others. The nanofluid flows containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) over a cone and an inclined permeable plate were studied numerically by Reddy et al [12,13]. Carbon nanotubes possess unique features like corrosion resistance, high thermal conductivity, and exceptional strength [19] Owing to these remarkable characteristics, CNTs are useful in numerous applications like nanotubes transistors, microwave amplifier, solar cells, chemical sensors, optics, drug delivery, prostheses, pharmacogenomics, and many other fields of engineering and material science [20,21,22]. The aforementioned literature review reveals that abundant articles are available addressing the topic of nanofluid This subject gets narrower once we talk about nanofluid flow over a cone with nanotubes inserted into it.
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