Entropy analysis for MHD blood flow of hybrid nanoparticles (Au–Al 2 O 3 /blood) of different shapes through an irregular stenosed permeable walled artery under periodic body acceleration: Hemodynamical applications

Abstract

The current study investigates the entropy generation for hybrid nanoparticles (Au–Al2O3/blood) through a vertical irregular stenosed artery in the presence of an external magnetic field, Joule heating, viscous dissipation, and heat source considering two-dimensional pulsatile blood flow and periodic body acceleration. The blood flow is assumed to be unsteady, laminar, viscous, and incompressible, and the artery walls are considered as permeable. The Reynolds temperature-dependent viscosity model is used to determine the variable viscosity effects. The governing momentum and energy equations are solved using Crank–Nicolson finite difference method by employing an appropriate coordinate transformation to build an accurate mesh using rectangular mesh units. Outcomes of the work are represented graphically for velocity, wall shear stress (WSS), volumetric flow rate, resistance impedance, temperature, heat transfer coefficient, entropy generation, and Bejan number, respectively. Also, the results are validated for velocity and temperature profiles for a given set of values of the dimensionless parameters. The entropy generation increases with rising values of shape parameter (n) up to a specific radius ( x 1 ∗ = 0.84 $x_1^*=0.84$ ) and then changes its behavior in the vicinity of the stenotic zone, in which entropy generation decreases with increasing values of shape parameter (n). The current findings may be helpful for biomedical scientists those are interested to investigate the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).