Abstract
In this study, a novel model of entropy generation effects measured in the Cu-blood flow of a nanofluid under the effect of ciliary-oriented motion is proposed. The effects of viscous dissipation are also taken into account. The physical model was composed with the incorporation of a low Reynolds number and long-wavelength phenomena. The exact solutions for the axial velocity, temperature and pressure gradient distribution were achieved successfully. Key findings are presented through a strategy of plotting the significant factors affecting the physical quantities of the stream. It was found that the heat absorption parameter and Brownian motion accounted for the large thermal transfer rate, while the effect of entropy was minimal compared to these factors in the center of the flow but increased on the walls in the case of Cu-blood flow. It can also be added that a more intense flow gave rise to the entropy effects. This study may be helpful in medical science as cilia play vital roles, which include cell migration and external fluid transport, in human tissues and some key organs. Moreover, the considered annulus-shaped geometry gives vital readings that are used in medical equipment such as endoscopes.
Highlights
In the 19th century, Maxwell [1] started including solid particles in original fluids, such as ethylene-glycol, oil and water, to investigate the improvement of the thermal conductivity of the mixture
The common finding noted from these graphs is a direct relation to the heat transfer rate, which means that, in all cases, the rate of entropy generation is going to increase with an increase in said parameters, but if we look at the height of the curves, we obtain very different readings
It is to be summarized here that in the current analysis, we considered the entropy generation and viscous dissipation effects to investigate the incompressible flow of Cu-Blood nanofluid through an annular part of two tubes with cilia motion
Summary
In the 19th century, Maxwell [1] started including solid particles in original fluids, such as ethylene-glycol, oil and water, to investigate the improvement of the thermal conductivity of the mixture. The importance of nanofluids in the field of biological systems is well-known to the current investigators In view of this discussion, many investigators have worked on the motion of diverse nanofluids in peristaltic ciliated walls in different geometries. Nadeem and Sadaf [22] presented two-dimensional modeling of ciliary flow in an annulus by considering viscous nanofluid (Blood as base fluid and copper as nanoparticles), and they provided that, in the case of buoyancy forces, reflux can occur near the ciliated walls. Discussed Cu-blood nanofluid flow by a metachronal wave of cilia and analyzed many characteristics of the ciliary motion of the nanofluid. Abrar et al [29] provided the exact solutions for the cilia transport of water-based titanium dioxide nanoparticles under the effect of a magnetic field. The problem has been simplified through the incorporation of a wave frame and a dimensionless scheme, resulting in coupled ordinary differential equations with non-homogeneous boundary conditions whose exact solutions have been achieved and elaborated in a graphical manner
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