Abstract
In the context of globalization, international processes do affect the national innovation system (NIS), increasing the relationship between its agents and its components within and with external agents. The paper seeks to determine the openness and internationalization processes in the internal features of Mexico’s NIS and estimate its impacts. This information could allow for a better use of scientific, technological, and innovation—internal and external—capabilities. The point of departure is the concept of innovation, which was developed for the industrial revolution where products and technological processes are emphasized, with a scope of radical to incremental innovation, as a function of the level of their impacts. Implicitly, innovation has been conceptualized internally within the company, i.e., closed innovation, especially in large companies with research and development departments. However, companies have undertaken various forms of collaboration to reduce costs particularly for R&D, which fall within the concept of open innovation. Based on the concept of open innovation, an open national innovation system (ONIS) has been proposed with internal and external components and relationships. This paper argues that the openness of innovation needs to be applied both at firm level and through a NIS as a way of handling the risks involved in innovation better. Thus, firms’ open innovation must correspond to an ONIS, matching the openness and internationalization of its knowledge components and agents: firms and universities supported through government policies. The empirical analysis is exploratory, based on a direct and indirect source to assess how highly developed the Mexican ONIS is in order to propose some policies.
Highlights
At macro level, the openness and the international processes do affect the national innovation system (NIS1) by increasing the relationship and collaboration of its agents and components with external agents
An analysis of how enterprises are helped to participate in openness and internationalization (OpIn) through government policies in order to commercialize the knowledge originated through R&D, science, and education and in the market and in the firms’ dynamics is applied to Mexico (Graf & Brau 2013)
Mexico’s open national innovation system (ONIS) has components and relationships with strengths and weaknesses (Fig. 1): 1. In relative terms, Mexico has a good training capacity producing qualified personnel based on research center and university teaching and research activities and networking with its international pairs
Summary
The openness and the international processes do affect the national innovation system (NIS1) by increasing the relationship and collaboration of its agents and components with external agents. Generalizing to a larger context of Schumpeter’s concept of innovation (Schumpeter 1934), with the concept of open innovation and of internationalization processes, an open national innovation system (ONIS) has been proposed with internal and external components and agents and relationships. An entrepreneur could overcome some capital risks by widening the scope of their relationships This means modifying the concept of innovation, which was developed for the industrial revolution—where innovation has been conceptualized as occurring within the company, i.e., “closed innovation.”. This means modifying the concept of innovation, which was developed for the industrial revolution—where innovation has been conceptualized as occurring within the company, i.e., “closed innovation.” So companies, especially those with research and development departments, have undertaken various forms of collaboration to reduce costs, for R&D, which fall within the concept of “open innovation,” diminishing their vulnerability
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