Abstract
In the psychological literature, intentions appear to be a good predictor of future planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991). This factor is directly associated with people's ability to create a business and self-employment as a strategy of progress and independence. The present study is an attempt to analyze whether there are differences between university students in Spain and Portugal regarding entrepreneurial intention and potential using the PROE instrument (Pessimism, Realism, Optimism and Entrepreneurship). The sample comprises 110 university students with a mean age of 21 years, 68.8% of whom were women and 29.5% were men. All factors evaluated have good internal consistency, and it was concluded that there are significant differences between Spanish and Portuguese students in their entrepreneurial potential, realism and optimism, with the establishment of social networks and economic motivation being the differential factors in the two populations.
Highlights
Enterprise creation has attracted the interest of academics, politicians, economists, sociologists, psychologists and others because it is considered an engine of economic growth, employment creation, and citizen comfort and a promotor of competitiveness (Saraiva and Paiva, 2014; Raposo and do Paço, 2011; Sánchez, 2011a, 2011b; Shane and Venkataraman, 2000; Van Praag and Versloot, 2007)
We measured the reliability of the following factors: entrepreneurial intention, entrepreneurial potential, optimism, realism and proactiveness
Regarding the hypotheses posited for this study, we found a significant difference between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial potential, realism, and optimism
Summary
Enterprise creation has attracted the interest of academics, politicians, economists, sociologists, psychologists and others because it is considered an engine of economic growth, employment creation, and citizen comfort and a promotor of competitiveness (Saraiva and Paiva, 2014; Raposo and do Paço, 2011; Sánchez, 2011a, 2011b; Shane and Venkataraman, 2000; Van Praag and Versloot, 2007). The definitions of entrepreneurship that most stand out are those given by Schumpeter (1952), who considered that “an entrepreneur in an advanced economy is an individual who introduces something new in the economy, a method of production not yet tested by experience in the branch of manufacturing concerned, a product with which consumers are not yet familiar, a new source of raw material or of new markets and the like”; authors such as López, Ramírez and Casado (2012) state that “entrepreneurship is a key phenomenon for understanding the social reality of post-industrial societies and has positive effects on the economy both locally and globally” (my translation) Adding to these conceptions, it is important to consider the contribution of authors such as Longenecker and Schoen (1975), who sought to define the “essence of entrepreneurship” by describing the three components that reside at the center of the phenomenon: innovation, risk-taking and independence of action. It is necessary to delve more deeply into the psychological traits of entrepreneurs to determine what composes them and what kind of personality profiles entrepreneurs have
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