Abstract

The process of government budgeting has changed significantly in the 20th century, beginning with the introduction of executive budgeting in the 1920s. Since the 1950~~ a relatively major reform has been proposed about once each decade in an effort to overcome some of the perceived deficiencies of incremental line-item budgeting-performance budgeting in the 1950~~ pro- gram budgeting in the 1960~~ and zero-base budgeting in the 1970s. In the 1980~~ there was a growth of what might be called "automatic control budgeting" in which voters and policy makers tried to impose statutorily prescribed formulas on revenues and expenditures, the most notable examples being Proposition 13-type laws, Gram-Rudman-Hollings, and the movement for a fed- eral balanced budget amendment to the Constitution.1

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