Abstract
The emphasis of this review is on the use and potential of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) as biological control agents in sustainable food production across a wide range of agricultural and other commodities. To aid with the understanding of the potential of EPNs in sustainable food production, this review also provides overviews on EPN biology and ecology, mass production and application technology, and interactions with other management tools. First discovered in the 1920s, their commercialization as biopesticides in the 1980s was accompanied and followed by an exponential growth in research on their application, biology, and ecology, followed by a further expansion in more basic research areas since the mid-2000s. This review summarizes significant progress made in the research and application of EPN in insect pest management in important food crops including orchards, small fruit, maize, vegetables, tuber crops, greenhouses, and mushrooms. Significant factors affecting the success of EPN commercialization are also discussed. A growing interest in alternatives to synthetic insecticides and in organic agriculture opens opportunities for EPNs, but EPNs will need to be further improved with respect to efficacy, reduced costs, and ease of use. Moreover, their potential to recycle in host population beckons to be further exploited for long term pest suppression.
Highlights
First discovered in the 1920s, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) received increasing interest starting in the 1950, and their commercialization started in the 1980s
S. feltiae is the only EPN species that is as effective as chemical insecticides giving 80–100% control at 2.5 × 106 infective juvenile (IJ)/m2 (e.g., Harris et al, 1995; Jagdale et al, 2004)
In combinations of EPNs with synthetic insecticide, the most consistent synergistic interaction was observed between the neonicotinoid imidacloprid and several EPN species (S. glaseri, H. bacteriophora, H. marelata, H. megidis) in third instars of several white grub species (e.g., Koppenhöfer et al, 2002)
Summary
To aid with the understanding of the potential of EPNs in sustainable food production, this review provides overviews on EPN biology and ecology, mass production and application technology, and interactions with other management tools. A growing interest in alternatives to synthetic insecticides and in organic agriculture opens opportunities for EPNs, but EPNs will need to be further improved with respect to efficacy, reduced costs, and ease of use. Their potential to recycle in host populations beckons to be further exploited for long term pest suppression
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